• Singer Vehicle Design for classic Land Rovers
• Rolls-Royce for vintage Land Rovers

• Custom Restored Classic Land Rovers: Provides full body-off restoration and bespoke modernization services for vintage Land Rover Defenders and other classic models.
• Electric Classic Car Conversions: Offers specialized services to convert classic vehicles, primarily Land Rovers, to modern electric powertrains.
• Custom Restored Classic Jaguars: Delivers comprehensive restoration and customization services tailored for vintage Jaguar models.

Major Customers of ECD Automotive Design (ECDA)

ECDA Automotive Design (symbol: ECDA) primarily sells its custom-built, luxury restored, and re-engineered classic Land Rover Defenders and Range Rovers directly to individuals (B2C) rather than to other companies. The company specializes in bespoke, high-end vehicles, catering to a clientele seeking exclusivity and personalization.

The company serves the following categories of individual customers:

• Luxury Consumers and High-Net-Worth Individuals (HNWIs): These customers seek exclusive, custom-built luxury vehicles that offer top-tier performance, personalized design, and status. They are drawn to ECDA for a unique ownership experience and a bespoke automotive asset that reflects their individual style and wealth.
• Classic Vehicle Enthusiasts and Collectors: This category includes individuals with a deep appreciation for the heritage and iconic design of classic Land Rover Defenders and Range Rovers. They desire high-quality restorations, often with modern enhancements (including electric vehicle conversions), that bring vintage vehicles to contemporary standards of comfort, reliability, and technology while preserving their classic appeal.
• Discerning Customization Seekers: These customers are looking for a truly unique and personalized vehicle that goes beyond mass-produced luxury offerings. They value the ability to actively participate in the design process, specifying every detail to perfectly match their individual tastes, functional requirements, and desired aesthetic, resulting in a one-of-a-kind automotive statement.

Scott Wallace, Chief Executive Officer & Co-Founder

Scott Wallace is a Co-Founder and the Chief Executive Officer of ECD Automotive Design. He has extensive experience as a sales & marketing director at Greene King P.L.C. and Dale Street Capital in the U.K.. His notable achievements include a 200% increase in share value and leading a successful £227 million business acquisition in private equity. Mr. Wallace also owned a marketing agency and played a key role in ECD's revenue growth. He co-founded ECD in 2013.

Victoria Hay, Chief Financial Officer

Victoria Hay was appointed Chief Financial Officer and Principal Financial Officer of ECD Automotive Design, Inc. effective August 15, 2025. She is the co-owner and President of Flexible Consulting, LLC, a financial and accounting consulting firm. Since May 2021, she has served as a financial and accounting advisor to various companies, including acting as contracted Interim Chief Financial Officer of Nauticus Robotics and Chief Financial Officer of Enovate, an artificial intelligence company. Prior to Flexible Consulting, Ms. Hay worked at Weatherford International plc from 2008 to May 2021 in several accounting and finance roles, most recently as Senior Director – Global Accounting and Reporting Services. She began her career as a finance analyst with Morgan Stanley.

Benjamin Piggott, Director of Corporate Development

Benjamin Piggott currently serves as the Director of Corporate Development for ECD Automotive Design, having transitioned from his role as Chief Financial Officer effective August 15, 2025. He was appointed CFO on September 16, 2024, succeeding Raymond Cole. Mr. Piggott previously served as the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of EF Hutton Acquisition Corporation I, the SPAC through which ECD Automotive Design became a public company. He has been a Managing Director at EF Hutton since June 2020. Prior to EF Hutton, Mr. Piggott was Head of Corporate Development at Laird Superfood, Inc., where he helped to successfully negotiate the sale of a minority equity stake in the company to Danone S.A.

Thomas Humble, Chief Experience Officer & Co-Founder

Thomas Humble is a Co-Founder and the Chief Experience Officer of ECD Automotive Design. He is a seasoned Sales Director with a successful track record at global organizations such as Nike, Volkswagen, Audi, and Porsche. Since 2019, he has also been a director and co-owner at Luxury Automotive Transport. Mr. Humble has extensive experience managing ECD since its inception in 2013, overseeing import/export, logistics, vendor management, and client interactions. He co-founded the company in 2013.

Elliot Humble, Chief Technology Officer & Co-Founder

Elliot Humble is a Co-Founder and the Chief Technology Officer and Operations Manager of ECD Automotive Design. He is also a director and co-owner of Luxury Automotive Transport. His career at Halfords Auto Retailers in the U.K. provided him with expertise in quality control, design innovation, capital forecasting, and vendor relations. Mr. Humble co-founded ECD in 2013.

The key risks to ECD Automotive Design (ECDA) are primarily rooted in its severe financial distress, which subsequently leads to risks of delisting and vulnerability to market conditions.

1. Severe Financial Distress and Going Concern Doubt: ECD Automotive Design is experiencing significant financial difficulties, evidenced by a dramatic year-to-date stock decline of 98.5% and a low market capitalization of $0.83 million. The company faces severe profitability issues, with negative operating and net margins of -30.14% and -51.29% respectively, indicating substantial losses. Furthermore, its balance sheet shows liquidity problems with a current ratio of 0.58 and a working capital deficit of over $6 million. The Altman Z-Score of -3.01 places the company in a "distress zone," suggesting a high risk of bankruptcy. Management has also explicitly stated that these conditions raise "substantial doubt" about ECDA's ability to continue as a going concern within one year.
2. Nasdaq Delisting Risk: ECD Automotive Design has received notifications from The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC regarding non-compliance with listing rules. The company failed to maintain the required minimum market value of listed securities of $35 million and the minimum bid price of $1 per share over consecutive business days. ECDA has been granted a compliance period to rectify these issues, but failure to do so could result in the delisting of its common stock, which would severely impact its ability to raise capital and investor confidence.
3. Vulnerability to Discretionary Spending Declines: Operating within the consumer discretionary sector, ECD Automotive Design specializes in luxury custom vehicles, a market highly sensitive to economic fluctuations. Analysts have expressed concerns about potential underperformance in discretionary spending, particularly during periods of inflation and a weakening labor market, which directly impacts the demand for high-end, non-essential products like those offered by ECDA.

ECDA Automotive Design operates in a niche luxury market focused on restoring and reimagining classic Land Rovers and Jaguars, often incorporating modern V8 engines or electric drivetrains. While its bespoke nature generally insulates it from broad-market disruptive threats, specific emerging competitive pressures within its luxury segment are identifiable:

• Increased Competition from Dedicated High-End Classic EV Conversion Companies: The market for luxury electric vehicle (EV) conversions of classic cars is a growing and evolving segment. While ECDA offers EV drivetrain options, specialized companies like Lunaz Design and Everatti are emerging as focused players, dedicating their efforts specifically to high-end, bespoke EV conversions for various classic luxury vehicles, including Range Rovers and Jaguars. As the demand for zero-emission classic cars grows among affluent buyers, these highly focused competitors may develop a stronger brand identity as *the* premier luxury classic EV converter, achieve greater technological efficiencies in EV integration, or attract a dedicated segment of the market seeking a pure EV classic experience. This specialization could allow them to capture a significant portion of this expanding market, challenging ECDA's ability to maintain its market share and premium positioning in a crucial future growth area, especially if ECDA's brand remains more associated with internal combustion engine (ICE) conversions while market preferences shift decisively towards electrification.

Expected Drivers of Future Revenue Growth for ECD Automotive Design (ECDA)

Over the next 2-3 years, ECD Automotive Design (ECDA) is expected to drive revenue growth through several strategic initiatives:

1. Expansion of Retail Strategy: ECDA is actively transitioning from a purely online sales model to establishing physical retail locations. This retail strategy, identified by management as the "quickest route" to growth, has shown early success with operational locations in West Palm Beach, FL, and Nantucket, MA. The company plans to further expand these immersive retail experiences to enhance customer engagement and accelerate sales.
2. Diversification and Expansion of Product Line: The company has broadened its offerings beyond its traditional Land Rover Defender and Jaguar E-Type restorations. Recent and planned expansions include custom Ford Mustangs (with a successful partnership with Roush Performance) and Toyota FJ40s. This product line expansion into American muscle cars and other classic vehicles is expected to diversify revenue streams and tap into new market segments without requiring significant additional capital expenditures.
3. Increased Production Capacity: ECDA aims to boost its production capabilities by adding a third production line. This expansion is designed to support higher unit volumes and is projected to contribute to a target of annual revenues between $70 million and $80 million.
4. Higher Average Selling Prices (ASP) and Customization: ECDA has demonstrated a trend of increasing average selling prices per vehicle, driven by higher levels of customization and the completion of more technically complex builds. This focus on bespoke, high-value restorations, with recent contracts reaching as high as $620,000, contributes to revenue growth and improved gross margins.
5. Growth of Customer Base and Market Penetration: By enhancing the customer journey through retail locations and strategically engaging new demographics, such as a "crypto-native demographic" through the acceptance of cryptocurrency payments, ECDA aims to attract more high-net-worth individuals. This expansion of its target customer base within the $94 billion global classic car market is anticipated to drive increased sales volume.

Share Issuance

• ECD Automotive Design announced the effectiveness of its S-1 registration statement in November 2025, allowing the sale of up to $300 million worth of common stock under an equity purchase facility agreement dated June 20, 2025.
• In June 2025, ECD Automotive Design signed a $500 million equity facility with ECDA Bitcoin Treasury LLC to strategically accumulate Bitcoin and support growth.
• Stockholders approved a reverse stock split with a maximum ratio of 1-for-200 and an increase in the equity incentive plan from 2.5 million to 15 million shares in July 2025. A 1-for-40 reverse stock split was implemented in September 2025, reducing outstanding shares from approximately 59.1 million to 1.48 million, to meet Nasdaq's minimum bid price requirement.

Inbound Investments

• In June 2025, ECD Automotive Design secured a $500 million equity facility with ECDA Bitcoin Treasury LLC aimed at strategically accumulating Bitcoin as a primary reserve asset and funding growth initiatives.
• In October 2025, the company reported the sale of 1,111 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock for $999,900.

Outbound Investments

• The company plans to use net proceeds from its $300 million common stock sales to acquire Bitcoin as a treasury reserve asset.
• In June 2023, ECD acquired 100% of the ordinary shares of ECD Auto Design UK, Ltd., making it a wholly owned subsidiary.

Capital Expenditures

• The South Line production facility, dedicated to building Jaguar E-Types, commenced operations in July 2022 and was expected to be operating at full capacity in the second half of 2024.
• The company intends to maintain a larger inventory with available capital to increase gross profit by reducing material and shipping costs.