Here are 1-3 brief analogies for Lineage Cell Therapeutics (LCTX):

• A Moderna or BioNTech, but focused on developing 'off-the-shelf' cell therapies to regenerate damaged tissues and treat serious degenerative diseases.
• Like an early-stage Kite Pharma (now Gilead), but specializing in cell therapies for degenerative diseases like spinal cord injury and blindness, instead of cancer.

• OpRegen: A clinical-stage allogeneic retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell therapy developed for treating geographic atrophy, an advanced form of dry age-related macular degeneration.
• VAC2: A clinical-stage allogeneic oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) therapy being developed for the treatment of acute spinal cord injury.
• ANP: A preclinical-stage allogeneic photoreceptor progenitor cell therapy aimed at treating photoreceptor loss in various retinal diseases.

Lineage Cell Therapeutics (LCTX) is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on the development of allogeneic (off-the-shelf) cell therapies for various serious medical conditions. Given the specialized nature of its products, which are advanced cell therapies under development, Lineage does not sell directly to individuals. Instead, its business model primarily involves partnerships and licensing agreements with larger pharmaceutical companies or, upon commercialization, sales to institutional healthcare providers.

The company primarily sells (or licenses the rights to) its product candidates to other companies, particularly large pharmaceutical partners who typically handle the later stages of clinical development, manufacturing, commercialization, and distribution.

Major Customer/Partner:

• Genentech (a member of the Roche Group)
  • Symbol for Roche Group: RHHBY (OTC Markets, ADR) / ROG.SW (SIX Swiss Exchange)
  • Description: Lineage Cell Therapeutics has an exclusive worldwide collaboration and license agreement with Genentech for the development and commercialization of OpRegen, an investigational cell therapy for geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration (dry AMD). Under this agreement, Genentech is responsible for the clinical development, manufacturing, and commercialization of OpRegen. In the context of Lineage's business, this licensing deal makes Genentech (and by extension, the Roche Group) a major strategic partner and effectively a primary "customer" for Lineage's intellectual property and product development efforts for this significant program.

Brian Culley, Chief Executive Officer

Mr. Culley joined Lineage Cell Therapeutics as Chief Executive Officer in September 2018. Before joining Lineage, he served as interim Chief Executive Officer at Artemis Therapeutics, Inc. From 2010, he was the Chief Executive Officer of Mast Therapeutics, Inc. (MSTX) and a board member until its merger with Savara, Inc. (SVRA) in April 2017. He also held various business development and executive roles at Mast Therapeutics from 2004 to 2010. Earlier in his career, he was Director of Business Development and Marketing for Immusol, Inc. and conducted drug development research for Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. (NBIX). He has also served on the Board of Orphagen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Jill Howe, Chief Financial Officer

Ms. Howe became the Chief Financial Officer of Lineage Cell Therapeutics in November 2022. Prior to Lineage, she served as Chief Financial Officer of DTx Pharma, Inc. from June 2021 to July 2022. From January 2018 to June 2021, she was Vice President of Finance and Treasurer for Gossamer Bio, Inc. (Nasdaq: GOSS). Ms. Howe also held Controller & Director of Finance positions at Amplyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., which was acquired by Pfizer, Inc., and Receptos, Inc. (RPCT), which was acquired by Celgene, Inc. She also worked in finance roles at Somaxon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (SOMX), which was acquired by Pernix. Ms. Howe currently serves on the board of directors of Codagenix Inc. and as chair of the audit committee for Biora Therapeutics, Inc. (Nasdaq: BIOR).

George A. Samuel III, General Counsel & Corporate Secretary

Mr. Samuel III serves as the General Counsel & Corporate Secretary for Lineage Cell Therapeutics.

Derek Kelaita, Vice President of Business Development

Mr. Kelaita joined Lineage Cell Therapeutics as the Vice President, Business Development in August 2019.

Jennifer Bahr-Davidson, Ph.D., Vice President of Technical Operations

Dr. Bahr-Davidson joined Lineage Cell Therapeutics as Vice President of Technical Operations & QA in December 2010, bringing over 25 years of experience in CMC and quality operations for various therapeutic modalities.

1. Clinical Trial Success and Regulatory Approval: The core risk for Lineage Cell Therapeutics is the binary outcome of its clinical trials. The success or failure of its lead programs, such as OpRegen and OPC1, is the primary driver of the company's value. Clinical trials for cell-based products can take several years and involve complex regulatory hurdles, which may lead to additional or more stringent review by the FDA and foreign regulatory agencies. Unfavorable results, delays, or the inability to obtain regulatory approvals would significantly hinder the company's ability to commercialize its products.
2. Financial Health and Funding: Lineage Cell Therapeutics operates with a substantial cash burn rate and has reported significant net losses. While the company's cash position is projected to fund operations into Q2 2027, this runway is finite. Any unexpected delays in clinical trials or increases in research and development (R&D) costs could shorten this timeline, necessitating further dilutive capital raises. The company's path to profitability remains a significant challenge, with current revenue primarily from collaboration agreements rather than product sales.
3. Manufacturing and Commercialization Scalability: Beyond clinical success, Lineage faces challenges in manufacturing a commercially viable and scalable product for its allogeneic cell therapies. While allogeneic (off-the-shelf) therapies offer a theoretical solution to scale compared to expensive autologous products, achieving an affordable and truly scalable allogeneic process has not yet been demonstrated by any company, including Lineage. This manufacturing challenge could impact the long-term affordability and widespread adoption of its therapies.

The primary clear emerging threat for Lineage Cell Therapeutics (LCTX) is the recent market entry and rapid adoption of the first FDA-approved pharmaceutical treatments for geographic atrophy (GA), such as Apellis Pharmaceuticals' SYFOVRE (pegcetacoplan) and Iveric Bio's (now Astellas) IZERVAY (avacincaptad pegol).

Lineage's lead product candidate, OpRegen, is an allogeneic retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell transplant for the treatment of GA, currently in late-stage clinical trials. While OpRegen aims to replace lost RPE cells and potentially restore or preserve vision, SYFOVRE and IZERVAY are complement inhibitors designed to slow the progression of GA, which have already received regulatory approval and are actively being prescribed in the market.

This situation presents a clear emerging threat because:

• These approved treatments are establishing the standard of care for GA, capturing significant market share, and gaining physician and patient adoption before OpRegen has completed its clinical development and received regulatory approval.
• Physicians and payers may become accustomed to, or prioritize, these established pharmaceutical options, potentially making it more challenging for OpRegen to penetrate the market upon its eventual launch, despite its different mechanism of action and potential for vision restoration.
• The immediate availability and familiarity of these therapies could temper the market enthusiasm or perceived unmet need for a cell therapy solution like OpRegen, even if OpRegen demonstrates superior efficacy in specific outcomes like vision preservation or improvement.

Lineage Cell Therapeutics (LCTX) is a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing novel cell therapies for various medical conditions. The addressable market sizes for some of its main product candidates are as follows:

• OpRegen® (Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration with Geographic Atrophy): The macular degeneration treatment market size is estimated at approximately $16.79 billion globally in 2025, with projections to reach $25.25 billion by 2030, growing at an 8.51% CAGR. Specifically, the market for dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) was over $1.3 billion across the 7 Major Markets (7MM) in 2023. Dry AMD therapies are expected to grow at a 10.43% CAGR through 2030. The United States accounted for the highest prevalent cases of dry AMD in 2023 within the 7MM.
• OPC1 (Acute Spinal Cord Injuries): Null
• VAC2 (Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer/Immuno-oncology): Null
• ANP1 (ReSonance™) (Auditory Neuropathy/Sensorineural Hearing Loss): Null
• PNC1 (Vision Loss due to Photoreceptor Dysfunction): Null
• RND1 (Hypoimmune Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Line): Null
• ILT1 (Type 1 Diabetes, Islet Cell Transplants): While specific market sizes for islet cell transplants were not identified, the broader global GLP-1 analogues market (relevant to diabetes and obesity treatment) was approximately $49.90 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach around $879.90 billion by 2034. The global GLP-1 receptor agonist market was estimated at $53.46 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $156.71 billion by 2030.

1. Advancement and Potential Commercialization of OpRegen for Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD): OpRegen, an RPE (retinal pigment epithelium) cell therapy for geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to dry AMD, is a significant expected revenue driver. Positive 36-month results from the Phase 1/2a clinical study, conducted with partner Genentech (a member of the Roche Group), have shown durable clinical outcomes, including sustained visual acuity improvements. A pivotal "go/no-go" decision from Roche/Genentech on advancing to a controlled Phase 2/3 trial, expected in 2025, would trigger substantial milestone payments and further collaboration revenue. Furthermore, Lineage is eligible for up to $620 million in additional milestone payments from Roche.
2. Progress in the OPC1 Program for Spinal Cord Injuries: OPC1 is another key clinical-stage program for Lineage. The company has advanced this program by treating its first chronic spinal cord injury patient in the DOSED study, and it is preparing for larger clinical trials. Successful progression through trials and eventual commercialization would contribute to future revenue. The company also anticipates potential grant funding from sources like the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) for the OPC1 program.
3. Development of the ReSonance Program for Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Lineage has expanded its therapeutic pipeline with the ReSonance (ANP1) program. A collaboration with William Demant Invest A/S is expected to provide up to $12 million in funding over three years to support preclinical development activities for this program. This partnership signifies expansion into a new therapeutic area with dedicated funding, indicating a new potential source of future revenue.
4. Advancement of the iLET Cell Initiative for Type 1 Diabetes (ILT1): In September 2025, Lineage announced the initiation of an islet cell transplant program for Type 1 Diabetes, leveraging its expertise in cell line manipulation. This expansion into the large Type 1 Diabetes market, with an initial focus on addressing large-scale production hurdles, positions it as a new product pipeline that could generate significant revenue through future product sales and partnerships.
5. Leveraging Proprietary Cell Manufacturing Capabilities and Strategic Partnerships: Lineage emphasizes its robust cell-based technology platform and associated development and manufacturing capabilities. The company aims to maintain its position as a leader in allogeneic cell banking and production, which can attract further development partners and investors. This platform is being positioned as a key differentiator for both expanding its internal pipeline and securing external collaborations, which often include upfront payments, milestone payments, and royalties.

Share Repurchases

• Lineage Cell Therapeutics has not made any share repurchases over the last five years (2020-2025).

Share Issuance

• In November 2024, Lineage entered into a registered direct offering that is expected to generate $30 million upfront and up to an additional $36 million upon the exercise of clinical milestone-linked common warrants.
• The company completed two financings in 2024, generating a total of $44 million in gross proceeds.
• In February 2024, Lineage closed a registered direct offering for 13,461,540 common shares at $1.04 per share, resulting in $14.0 million in gross proceeds.

Inbound Investments

• In December 2021, Lineage entered a collaboration and license agreement with Roche and Genentech for its OpRegen program, which included an upfront payment of $50 million and potential milestone payments totaling up to $620 million.
• Lineage announced a research collaboration with William Demant Invest A/S (WDI) in August 2025 to develop ReSonance (ANP1) for hearing loss, expected to fund up to $12 million in research and collaboration costs.
• The OPC1 program has been partially funded by a $14.3 million grant from the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM).

Outbound Investments

• In 2020, Lineage completed the sale of its OncoCyte assets, receiving approximately $32.7 million in OncoCyte common stock.
• In March 2021, the company raised $11 million from sales of its holdings of marketable securities, including shares of OncoCyte Corporation and Hadasit Bio-Holdings.

Capital Expenditures

• Capital expenditures were approximately $0.04 million in 2024, $0.34 million in 2023, $0.41 million in 2022, $0.67 million in 2021, and $0.57 million in 2020.
• In October 2022, the company established a new R&D facility in Carlsbad, California, and expanded its GMP manufacturing facility in Israel to enhance research and development capabilities and increase manufacturing infrastructure.