1. 23andMe for early cancer detection. (GRAIL offers non-invasive, advanced molecular tests for health insights, similar to 23andMe, but focused on identifying multiple cancers at early stages from a blood sample.)

2. The Tesla of cancer diagnostics. (GRAIL aims to be a groundbreaking, high-tech innovator and disruptor in the field of cancer screening, much like Tesla did for electric vehicles.)

3. Exact Sciences for multi-cancer blood tests. (Like Exact Sciences with Cologuard, GRAIL develops and commercializes non-invasive cancer screening tests, but expands the scope to detect many different cancers from a single blood draw.)

• Galleri® multi-cancer early detection test: This is a blood test designed to detect over 50 types of cancer through a single blood draw, often before symptoms appear.

GRAIL (symbol: GRAL) primarily sells its multi-cancer early detection test, Galleri, to other companies and organizations within the healthcare ecosystem rather than directly to individuals. The company's business model involves partnering with entities that facilitate access to and adoption of its diagnostic test.

Due to the nature of diagnostic test sales, GRAIL's revenue is generated from numerous individual tests ordered through various channels. As such, GRAIL does not have a concentrated base of major customers that individually account for a significant portion (e.g., 10% or more) of its total revenue, and therefore, specific "major customers" in this traditional financial sense are not typically disclosed in public filings.

However, GRAIL's customer base and strategic partnerships primarily involve the following categories of organizations:

• Healthcare Systems and Providers: These organizations purchase the tests or testing services from GRAIL to offer to their patients. While specific major customers are not publicly identified by GRAIL due to the diffuse nature of their sales, examples of the types of healthcare organizations that serve as customers or partners in offering the Galleri test include:
  • Mayo Clinic (private, non-profit)
  • Cleveland Clinic (private, non-profit)
  • MultiCare (private, non-profit)
  • Intermountain Healthcare (private, non-profit)

  These organizations are generally not publicly traded companies with stock symbols.

• Self-Insured Employers: Companies that are self-insured and offer the Galleri test as a benefit to their employees as part of wellness or health management programs. These employers act as direct customers. GRAIL typically does not disclose the names of individual employer customers due to confidentiality agreements, and no single employer is known to constitute a major customer by revenue concentration.

It's important to note that while health plans and payers (e.g., Aetna, which is part of CVS Health (CVS); UnitedHealthcare, which is part of UnitedHealth Group (UNH)) are critical for securing reimbursement and broader access, they are generally not direct "customers" purchasing the diagnostic test from GRAIL itself. Instead, they are payers that cover the cost of the test for eligible individuals once ordered by a physician.

• Illumina, Inc. (ILMN)

Bob Ragusa, Chief Executive Officer

Bob Ragusa was appointed Chief Executive Officer of GRAIL in October 2021. He also serves as a Director at Dante Labs Inc.

Aaron Freidin, Chief Financial Officer

Aaron Freidin serves as the Chief Financial Officer of GRAIL.

Joshua Ofman, President

Joshua Ofman serves as the President and Chief Medical Officer of GRAIL. He previously spent 16 years at Amgen, where he most recently held the position of Senior Vice President of global health policy.

Andrew Partridge, Chief Commercial Officer

Andrew Partridge is the Chief Commercial Officer at GRAIL. Before joining GRAIL, he served as Chief Commercial Officer at Turning Point Therapeutics. He also held the role of Senior Vice President and Head of North American Commercial Operations at Vertex Pharmaceuticals, and had sales and marketing positions at Schering-Plough, Roche, and Amgen.

Paul Ciccolella, Senior Vice President, Global Development & Operations

Paul Ciccolella is the Senior Vice President, Global Development & Operations at GRAIL. He is also recognized as Senior Vice President of Research and Senior Vice President, Global Technology and Operations.

1. High Operating Losses and Significant Cash Burn: GRAIL is not currently profitable and faces substantial operating losses and negative free cash flow due to significant investments in research and development and scaling operations. This substantial cash burn suggests a future need for capital raises, which could potentially dilute existing shareholders.
2. Regulatory and Reimbursement Uncertainty for its Flagship Product: The Galleri test has not yet received clearance or approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The company's ability to achieve significant revenue growth and commercial success is highly dependent on securing these regulatory approvals and favorable reimbursement policies, which are anticipated to be lengthy processes with inherent uncertainties, partly due to limited real-world evidence and health economics data.
3. Intense Competition and Market Adoption Challenges: GRAIL operates within a highly competitive landscape for cancer detection and diagnostic technologies, necessitating continuous innovation and product differentiation to maintain and grow market share. The company's financial performance is heavily reliant on the widespread market acceptance and adoption of its multi-cancer early detection test, Galleri, which competes with both existing screening methods and other emerging technologies.

One clear emerging threat for GRAIL comes from established diagnostic companies with strong existing commercial channels and brand recognition in cancer screening that are developing their own multi-cancer early detection (MCED) tests. A prime example is Exact Sciences (EXAS), which already has significant market penetration with its Cologuard product for colon cancer screening. Exact Sciences is actively developing its own MCED test, Cancerguard, and its existing relationships with physicians and established reimbursement pathways could give it a substantial competitive advantage in commercializing an MCED test, potentially allowing it to gain market share rapidly against GRAIL's Galleri, even if the underlying technology is comparable. This mirrors how companies with superior distribution or established market positions can disrupt incumbents or slow the adoption of new entrants, similar to how Netflix's model disrupted Blockbuster's.

GRAIL's primary product is the Galleri multi-cancer early detection (MCED) blood test.

Addressable Market Sizes for GRAIL's Galleri Test:

• Global Multi-Cancer Early Detection Market: The global multi-cancer early detection market size was estimated at approximately USD 1.12 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach about USD 2.86 billion by 2030, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 17% from 2025 to 2030. Another estimate projects the global market to reach USD 4.8 billion by 2033, with a CAGR of 16.5% from 2025 to 2033.
• U.S. Multi-Cancer Early Detection Market: Analysts at Morgan Stanley identify a total addressable market of USD 100 billion for multi-cancer early detection in which GRAIL has a first-mover advantage. GRAIL estimates an addressable market of over 100 million individuals in the U.S. who are over the age of 50.
• Europe Multi-Cancer Early Detection Market: Europe held a dominant share of 36.05% of the multi-cancer early detection market in 2024. The market size in Europe is projected to reach USD 1.15 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 14.8% from 2023 to 2032.

GRAIL (symbol: GRAL) is expected to drive future revenue growth over the next 2-3 years through several key initiatives, primarily centered around its multi-cancer early detection (MCED) test, Galleri.

1. Increased Adoption and Commercialization of Galleri: GRAIL anticipates significant revenue growth from the continued expansion of Galleri test sales and adoption within the U.S. market. The company has seen a growing number of ordering providers, with over 9,000 as of year-end 2023, and over 150,000 commercial tests completed. First-quarter 2025 results showed 22% year-over-year growth in U.S. Galleri revenue, with over 37,000 tests completed, indicating rising demand. GRAIL projects a 20% to 30% increase in U.S. Galleri revenue for 2025. Efforts like the "Generation Possible" campaign also aim to raise awareness among high-risk populations, supporting higher recurring revenue with repeat testing rates exceeding 25%.

2. Expansion through Strategic Partnerships and Integrations: Collaborations with healthcare platforms and insurance providers are crucial for broader accessibility and streamlined ordering of Galleri. GRAIL has partnered with companies like athenahealth, integrating Galleri ordering into EHR systems for over 160,000 U.S. clinicians, thereby reducing administrative hurdles. Further partnerships with Quest Diagnostics and Everlywell are expanding direct-to-consumer access and leveraging extensive provider networks. Additionally, securing coverage with payers such as Curative Insurance Company and BeniComp, and the inclusion of Galleri as a covered benefit by TRICARE Health Insurance in early 2025, are expanding the eligible customer base.

3. Regulatory Approvals and Broader Reimbursement: Obtaining Pre-Market Approval (PMA) from the FDA and expanding reimbursement coverage are pivotal for unlocking significant market potential. GRAIL expects to complete its modular PMA submission for Galleri with the FDA by the first half of 2026, with an approval decision anticipated roughly 12 months thereafter. FDA approval is expected to enable broad marketing and unlock coverage from Medicare (CMS) and large commercial insurers. The ongoing Galleri-Medicare (REACH) study, which will enroll 50,000 Medicare beneficiaries, is designed to generate real-world evidence to support clinical impact in this population.

4. New Product Development and Pipeline Expansion: Investment in research and development is aimed at improving existing products and introducing new diagnostic solutions. GRAIL's proprietary targeted methylation platform enables product improvements and new product introductions over time. The company is developing applications for precision oncology, including minimal residual disease (MRD) detection, recurrence monitoring, and novel biomarker discovery. An updated, automated version of the Galleri test, rolled out in Q4 2024, is designed to reduce sequencing costs, increase lab efficiency, and support growth at population scale. GRAIL has approximately 7 products in development within the In Vitro Diagnostics market, with some in late stages.

5. International Market Expansion: Expanding Galleri's availability to new geographic markets presents another avenue for revenue growth. GRAIL has initiated commercial launches in regions such as Israel through a partnership with OncoTest. The ongoing NHS-Galleri randomized clinical trial in the United Kingdom, with final study visits expected to complete in Q3 2025 and detailed results in mid-2026, holds the potential for a national rollout across the NHS, which could be the first national health system MCED implementation.

Share Issuance

• GRAIL filed for an initial public offering (IPO) in September 2020, aiming to raise an estimated $500 million, although this offering was subsequently withdrawn.
• In June 2024, GRAIL completed its spin-off from Illumina, resulting in Illumina distributing 85.5% of GRAIL's stock to Illumina shareholders.
• In October 2025, GRAIL announced a private placement financing transaction expected to generate gross proceeds of approximately $325.0 million from the issuance of common stock and warrants.

Inbound Investments

• Illumina re-acquired GRAIL in August 2021 for an approximate value of $8 billion in cash and stock, which included approximately $3.5 billion in cash consideration paid to GRAIL stockholders excluding Illumina.
• As part of the European Commission's order for Illumina to divest GRAIL, Illumina was directed in October 2023 to capitalize GRAIL with two-and-a-half years of funding.
• GRAIL reinforced its financial position with approximately $435 million in new funding around October 2025, including strategic backing from Samsung for expansion into Asian markets.

Capital Expenditures

• GRAIL's capital allocation has been primarily focused on the development and commercialization of its multi-cancer early detection blood test, Galleri.