The **Discover Financial Services** of major consumer banks.

A hybrid of **American Express's** credit card focus and **Bank of America's** broader consumer banking.

• Credit Cards: Capital One offers a variety of credit cards, including rewards, cash back, travel, and secured options, for consumers and small businesses.
• Auto Loans: The company provides financing solutions for new and used vehicle purchases directly to consumers and through its extensive dealer network.
• Consumer Banking: This includes personal checking accounts, savings accounts, money market accounts, and certificates of deposit (CDs) for individual customers.
• Commercial Banking: Capital One offers a suite of services for businesses, encompassing commercial loans, treasury management, and business deposit accounts.

Capital One Financial (symbol: COF) primarily sells its financial products and services to individuals and small to middle-market businesses.

Customer Categories Served by Capital One Financial:

1. Individuals/Consumers: This is Capital One's largest customer segment, comprising millions of people who utilize their wide range of consumer products. These include various credit cards (e.g., Quicksilver, Venture, Savor), auto loans, personal loans, and consumer banking services such as checking and savings accounts.
2. Small Businesses: Capital One provides dedicated financial solutions for small business owners. This category includes customers who use business credit cards, business checking accounts, and commercial loans designed to support small enterprise operations and growth.
3. Commercial and Middle-Market Companies: Through its commercial banking division, Capital One serves larger businesses and institutions. These clients access a suite of specialized services, including corporate lending, treasury management, capital markets solutions, and commercial real estate financing.

• Visa (V)
• Mastercard (MA)
• Amazon.com (AMZN)
• Equifax (EFX)
• TransUnion (TRU)
• Experian (EXPN)

Richard Fairbank, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

Richard Fairbank co-founded Capital One in 1988 with Nigel Morris. He has served as CEO since the company's initial public offering in November 1994 and as Chairman and CEO since February 1995. Fairbank began his career in financial services in 1985, establishing the banking practice at Strategic Planning Associates (now Mercer Management Consulting), where he was a partner. He also served on the board of directors of MasterCard International from 2004 to 2006. Fairbank has sold shares of Capital One stock over the years.

Andrew Young, Chief Financial Officer

Andrew Young has been the Chief Financial Officer at Capital One Financial Corporation since March 2021. He joined Capital One in June 1996 as an Analyst and has held various leadership roles across different divisions within the company. Notably, he served as Senior Vice President, Business Line CFO from April 2018 to February 2021, and simultaneously as CFO of Capital One, National Association from July 2018 to February 2021. Earlier in his career, he was Senior Vice President, Head of Corporate Planning and CFO of Infrastructure from January 2015 to April 2018.

Frank LaPrade, Chief Enterprise Services Officer and Chief of Staff to the Chief Executive Officer

Frank LaPrade has served as Capital One Financial Corporation's Chief Enterprise Services Officer since 2010 and Chief of Staff to the Chief Executive Officer since January 2004. In these roles, he is responsible for managing various enterprise services, including Information Technology, Brand Marketing, Corporate Development, Digital Banking, and Procurement. LaPrade joined Capital One in January 1996 and previously served as the company's Deputy General Counsel, managing litigation, employment, intellectual property, and transactional practice areas. Before joining Capital One, he was a commercial and intellectual property litigator at McGuire Woods.

Sanjiv Yajnik, President of Financial Services

Sanjiv Yajnik has been the President of Financial Services at Capital One Financial Corporation since June 2009.

Kaitlin Haggerty, Chief Human Resources Officer

Kaitlin Haggerty serves as the Chief Human Resources Officer at Capital One Financial Corporation.

The key risks to Capital One Financial (COF) are primarily centered around its recent strategic acquisition, consumer credit quality, and broader macroeconomic factors.

1. Discover Acquisition and Integration
   The acquisition of Discover Financial Services presents a significant and complex multi-year transition for Capital One. The immediate internal risk lies in the operational and strategic hurdles of integrating Discover's operations. Any missteps during this process could jeopardize the anticipated $2.5 billion in cost and revenue synergies targeted by 2027. Capital One has already reported a substantial net loss in Q2 2025, largely due to one-time acquisition costs. Furthermore, hefty integration costs and increased competitive spending on rewards and technology could undermine projected margin expansion and earnings growth. Regulatory challenges specifically related to the Discover acquisition also pose a risk.
2. Consumer Credit Stress and Credit Quality
   Capital One's business model is inherently sensitive to the credit cycle, particularly given its historical focus on near-prime and subprime borrowers, a strategy now complemented by Discover's high-balance revolvers. There is a significant risk stemming from rising credit card delinquency rates and net charge-offs, especially if consumer credit stress increases in a weakening economic environment. The company's auto finance segment is also vulnerable to normalizing vehicle prices and elevated interest rates, which could lead to higher losses on existing loan balances.
3. Macroeconomic Risks
   Capital One faces exposure to a range of macroeconomic risks that can impact its financial performance. These include economic downturns, disruptions in capital markets, reduced consumer and business activity, and fluctuations in interest rates. Such conditions can adversely affect borrowers' ability to service their debt, thereby impacting Capital One's financial results. The company also faces challenges in maintaining adequate funding and liquidity, which could be exacerbated by market volatility and increased competition for deposits.

Capital One Financial (COF) operates in several key financial services sectors. The addressable markets for its main products and services, primarily in the U.S., are substantial:

• Credit Cards: The U.S. credit card market size was estimated at USD 190 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow to USD 388.4 billion by 2032, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.5% from 2025 to 2032. Another estimate places the market size of the Credit Card Issuing industry in the United States at USD 178.6 billion in 2025. The total revolving credit card debt in the U.S. exceeded USD 1.18 trillion in 2025.
• Auto Loans: The United States Car Loan Market size is estimated at USD 175.86 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 219.80 billion by 2029, growing at a CAGR of 4.56%. Alternatively, the U.S. auto loan market was reported at USD 676.20 billion in 2025 and is projected to reach USD 870.78 billion by 2030, with a CAGR of 5.19%. The broader Auto Leasing, Loans & Sales Financing industry in the United States had a market size of USD 180.7 billion in 2025. The total outstanding auto loans in the U.S. reached a valuation of USD 1.6 trillion in 2023.
• Commercial Banking: The U.S. Commercial Banking Market size is estimated at USD 226.44 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 269.28 billion by 2029, growing at a CAGR of over 2%. Another assessment indicates the market size of Commercial Banking in the U.S. is USD 1.6 trillion in 2025. A different report states the U.S. Commercial Banking Market is expected to reach USD 732.5 billion in 2025 and grow to USD 915.45 billion by 2030, reflecting a 4.56% CAGR.
• Consumer Banking (Retail Banking): The United States retail banking market is valued at USD 0.87 trillion in 2025 and is projected to reach USD 1.08 trillion by 2030, with a CAGR of 4.22% during that period.

Capital One Financial (COF) is expected to drive future revenue growth over the next 2-3 years through several key initiatives and market trends:

1. Discover Acquisition and Integration: The acquisition of Discover, finalized in May 2025, is a significant catalyst for revenue growth. This strategic move is anticipated to generate substantial cost and network synergies, totaling $2.7 billion by 2027 ($1.5 billion in expense synergies and $1.2 billion in network synergies). The integration is expected to boost Capital One's market share and profitability by creating a leading consumer banking and payments platform with an expanded network of 70 million merchant acceptance points across 200 territories. Additionally, the acquisition introduces new products, such as personal loans, and expands Capital One's offerings through the Discover, PULSE, and Diners Club International networks. The full-quarter impact of the Discover acquisition was already evident in Q3 2025, contributing to a 23% or $2.9 billion increase in revenue compared to Q2 2025.
2. Growth in Credit Card Business: The credit card segment remains a primary revenue driver, accounting for 76% of total net revenue in Q3 2025, fueled by higher loan balances. Capital One is also expanding its international card business, with average loans held for investment in the U.K. and Canada increasing by 6% and 4% respectively. Analysts project a 10.1% year-over-year increase in total net revenue for the credit card business in Q2 2025, alongside robust consumer spending, indicated by a 39% rise in total purchase volume for credit cards in Q3 2025.
3. Expansion in Consumer Banking, Particularly Auto Loans and Deposits: The Consumer Banking segment, which contributed 18% of total net revenue in Q3 2025, is experiencing growth driven by auto loans and deposits. Auto loan originations saw a 17% increase in Q3 2025. Analysts forecast a 4.7% year-over-year increase in total net revenue for the Consumer Banking segment in Q2 2025.
4. Leveraging Technology and Digital Transformation: Capital One continues to invest heavily in its technology and digital transformation strategy. This includes advanced underwriting, modeling, and marketing capabilities through machine learning at scale. These technological advancements are expected to enhance efficiency, drive growth, and create long-term value. Elevated non-interest expenses in 2025 are partly attributed to ongoing investments in technology and infrastructure, underscoring this strategic focus.
5. New Product Launches and Strategic Partnerships: Capital One consistently introduces new products and engages in strategic partnerships to broaden its customer base and diversify revenue streams. A recent example is the launch of the T-Mobile Visa credit card in November 2025, a partnership aimed at offering T-Mobile customers unique value and benefits, aligning with Capital One's focus on straightforward and easy-to-use products.

Share Repurchases

• Capital One suspended its share buyback program on March 13, 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
• The company authorized a share repurchase program of up to $5 billion in January 2022, followed by an additional $5 billion authorization in April 2022. As of March 31, 2025, approximately $3.88 billion of this authorization remained.
• In October 2025, Capital One authorized a new share repurchase program of up to $16 billion, which replaced prior authorizations.

Share Issuance

• Capital One issued approximately 257 million shares of common stock as part of its $35.3 billion all-stock acquisition of Discover Financial, a transaction announced in February 2024 and completed in May 2025.
• The company issued 50 million shares of Series J preferred stock on January 28, 2020, and 27 million shares of Series L preferred stock on April 29, 2021.
• Capital One completed the full redemption of its 500,000 outstanding Series P Depositary Shares, representing a $500 million capital action, on June 30, 2025.

Outbound Investments

• Capital One acquired Discover Financial Services in an all-stock transaction valued at $35.3 billion, completed in May 2025. This acquisition is expected to significantly enhance its credit card leadership and payment network.
• In June 2023, Capital One acquired Velocity Black to enhance its delivery of consumer experiences through innovative technology.
• Other acquisitions during this period include Triple Tree and Lola in October 2021, and Freebird in August 2020.