Here are 1-2 brief analogies for BioRestorative Therapies (BRTX):

• Think of them as an early-stage Moderna, but focused on developing cell therapies for chronic conditions like back pain and metabolic disorders, rather than mRNA technology.
• Imagine a nascent Pfizer, but entirely dedicated to developing cell-based therapies for chronic conditions like back pain, rather than a broad range of pharmaceutical drugs.

• BRTX-100: An investigational autologous (patient's own) stem cell therapy for the treatment of chronic lumbar disc disease, currently in clinical trials.
• ThermoStem® Program: A research and development program focused on brown adipose tissue-derived stem cell therapies for obesity and metabolic disorders.
• Immuno-Stem™ Program: A research program exploring stem cell-based therapies for various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.

BioRestorative Therapies (symbol: BRTX) is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on developing stem cell-based therapies. As such, the company does not currently have commercialized products or traditional major customers purchasing its therapies. Its primary activities are research and development, including conducting clinical trials to gain regulatory approval for its product candidates.

However, if its therapeutic products receive regulatory approval and become commercially available, the company would primarily sell to and serve individuals through the healthcare system. Based on its current product pipeline, the major categories of future customers would include:

• Individuals suffering from chronic lumbar disc disease: These patients would be candidates for BRTX-100, an autologous mesenchymal stem cell therapy aimed at treating degenerative disc disease, a common cause of chronic back pain.
• Individuals diagnosed with metabolic disorders, such as Type 2 diabetes: These patients would be candidates for BRTX-201, an allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell therapy in development to address metabolic conditions.

Lance Alstodt, President, CEO and Chairman of the Board

Mr. Alstodt was appointed President, Chief Executive Officer, and Chairman of the Board of BioRestorative Therapies as of November 16, 2020. He brings over 25 years of experience in leading medical technology and life sciences companies in operations, capital raising, strategy, and mergers and acquisitions. Most recently, he was the Founder and CEO of MedVest Consulting Corporation, an advisory and capital firm focused exclusively within the healthcare sector. Prior to MedVest, Mr. Alstodt had a career as an investment banker with over 25 years of experience in healthcare investment banking, including mergers and acquisitions. His experience includes roles at J.P. Morgan Chase in the Global M&A Group, where he worked on acquisitions, leveraged buyouts, private and public financings, and exclusive sales. He also served as a Managing Director in the Healthcare Group and Global M&A Group at Bank of America Merrill Lynch, and as a Managing Director and Head of Medical Technology at Oppenheimer & Co.

Robert Kristal, Chief Financial Officer

Mr. Kristal was appointed Chief Financial Officer of BioRestorative Therapies in November 2021. He brings over 25 years of strategic and financial markets experience, including advising global public life sciences companies in corporate finance, operations management systems, and strategic collaborations. Mr. Kristal is an experienced Wall Street and Bay St. professional who has built teams in institutional sales and equity research. He most recently served as the Head of Research for H.C. Wainwright, where he grew their research product and presence in the biotech and biopharma space. Mr. Kristal has been involved in numerous transactions in investment and merchant banking and has extensive experience in providing strategic advice and dealing with investors and corporate management.

Francisco Silva, Chief Scientist & VP, R&D

Mr. Silva joined BioRestorative Therapies in April 2011 and serves as Vice President of Research and Development. He is responsible for all laboratory operations and the development and growth of the company's stem cell programs. Mr. Silva previously held the position of Chief Executive Officer at two companies focused on the commercialization of human-based biologics for research and therapeutic applications. From 2003 to 2007, he was the Vice President of Research and Development for PrimeGen Biotech LLC, where he focused on the development of cell-based platforms.

Crystal Romano, Head of Global Commercial Operations

Ms. Romano joined BioRestorative Therapies in October 2025 as Head of Global Commercial Operations. She has over 19 years of progressive leadership experience in the medical, aesthetics, and regenerative industries. Her expertise includes product development and innovation, commercialization, sales and account management, clinical and product training, and navigating patent and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations. Before joining BioRestorative Therapies, Ms. Romano held pivotal roles at Cartessa and Lumenis, where she led medical aesthetics product innovation, development, and commercialization. Most recently, as Head of Innovation and Emerging Technologies at Cartessa, she successfully conceptualized, developed, and commercialized over 11 new products and a biologics line in under two years.

Adam D. Bergstein, Senior Vice President, Planning and Business Development

Mr. Bergstein was appointed Senior Vice President, Planning and Business Development at BioRestorative Therapies in January 2018. In this role, he was responsible for strategic planning, business development, and capital market activities. From 2008 until 2017, Mr. Bergstein founded and operated PharmaShield, an analytics company. Prior to that, from 1998 through 2006, he was a private equity investor in the healthcare and technology sectors.

1. Failure to Achieve Profitability: BioRestorative Therapies is currently a loss-making entity, with analysts projecting continued losses through 2026 and a potential breakeven in 2027. This profitability hinges on an aggressive annual growth rate of 69% to 74%, and a slower growth could significantly delay achieving profitability. The company reported a net loss of $9.0 million in its latest financial year, which broadened to a trailing-twelve-month loss of $11 million to $12 million.
2. Clinical Development and Regulatory Approval Risk: As a regenerative medicine innovator, BioRestorative Therapies' success is highly dependent on the successful completion of clinical trials for its therapeutic candidates, particularly BRTX-100 for chronic lower back and cervical discogenic pain, and subsequent regulatory approvals. The outcomes of clinical trials are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from projections, as cautioned in the company's SEC filings.
3. Need for Additional Capital and Potential Dilution: While BioRestorative Therapies currently operates without debt, it is a cash-burning company that relies on shareholder funding and equity offerings to finance its ongoing research, development, and operational activities. The need for continuous financing to support its clinical programs and potential commercialization efforts presents a risk, as future offerings could dilute existing shareholders or may not be secured on favorable terms. For example, the company recently conducted a registered direct offering to strengthen its financial position.

The widespread and rapidly increasing adoption of GLP-1 receptor agonists (such as Wegovy, Ozempic, Zepbound, and Mounjaro) for weight management and metabolic health presents a significant emerging threat to BioRestorative Therapies' metabolic disorder program, particularly their brown adipose tissue (BAT) derived stem cell therapy for obesity and diabetes.

These pharmaceutical treatments have demonstrated unprecedented efficacy in achieving substantial weight loss and improving metabolic parameters. Their ease of administration (weekly injections) and growing market penetration are rapidly redefining the standard of care for obesity. This creates a challenging environment for any new, more complex, or less established therapeutic approaches, including cell therapies, that aim to address the same conditions. The high efficacy and increasing accessibility of GLP-1 agonists could significantly diminish the market opportunity and patient/physician interest in alternative obesity treatments, regardless of their distinct mechanisms of action.

BioRestorative Therapies (BRTX) has two primary product development programs: the Disc/Spine Program featuring BRTX-100 and the Metabolic Program featuring ThermoStem®.

Disc/Spine Program (BRTX-100)

The BRTX-100 therapy, an autologous mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) treatment, targets chronic lumbar disc disease (cLDD) and chronic cervical discogenic pain (cCDP). The broader market for conditions treated by mesenchymal stem cell therapy, including orthopedic and musculoskeletal disorders, was estimated at USD 80.9 million globally in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 337.36 million globally by 2034, growing at a CAGR of 23.5% from 2025 to 2030. Within this, the U.S. market size for mesenchymal stem cells is projected to reach USD 65.9 million by 2034. An older report from 2016 indicates that surgical procedures for degenerative disc disease in the U.S. account for $40 billion annually, with 32 million American adults diagnosed and treated for disc degeneration.

Metabolic Program (ThermoStem®)

The ThermoStem® platform focuses on cell-based therapies for obesity and metabolic disorders. The global obesity market is projected to exceed $100 billion annually by the end of the decade (by 2030), primarily driven by the demand for GLP-1 therapies. More specifically, the global obesity therapeutics market was valued at US$ 11.03 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach US$ 63.75 billion by 2033, with a CAGR of 21.6% during the forecast period 2025-2033. North America holds a significant share, dominating the global obesity therapeutics market with a 48.5% revenue share in 2024. Another report valued the global obesity treatment market at USD 15.92 billion in 2024, projected to reach USD 60.53 billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 22.31% from 2025 to 2030. North America also led this market with a 73.39% revenue share in 2024. For general metabolic disorders, the global therapeutics market was valued at USD 74.40 billion in 2024 and is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 7.68% through 2030, with North America being the largest regional market in 2024.

BioCosmeceutical Platform

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Expected Drivers of Future Revenue Growth for BioRestorative Therapies (BRTX)

Share Repurchases

• BioRestorative Therapies authorized a $2 million stock repurchase program on June 17, 2025, allowing the company to buy back shares through June 16, 2026.

Share Issuance

• On October 6, 2025, BioRestorative Therapies agreed to sell 678,125 common shares at $1.60 per share in a registered direct offering, generating gross proceeds of $1.085 million.
• Concurrently, the company issued unregistered warrants to purchase up to 508,594 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $2.75 per share, exercisable for five years starting six months after issuance.
• For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the company reported net proceeds of $901,610 from the issuance and sale of 492,087 shares of common stock.

Inbound Investments

• The $1.085 million registered direct offering in October 2025 involved "accredited and/or institutional investors," including the company's largest institutional shareholder, providing new capital to the company.

Capital Expenditures

• Net proceeds from the October 2025 offering are designated to fund BRTX-100 clinical trials, ThermoStem preclinical research and development, the development of its commercial biocosmeceuticals platform, and general corporate purposes.