Here are 1-3 brief analogies to describe Adtran (ADTN):

• The Cisco or Juniper Networks for internet service providers.
• A fixed-line Nokia or Ericsson for broadband infrastructure.

• Fiber Access Solutions: Hardware and software platforms that enable service providers to deliver high-speed broadband services over fiber optic networks to homes and businesses.
• Subscriber Devices (CPE): Customer-premises equipment such as Wi-Fi gateways, optical network terminals (ONTs), and other residential and business broadband devices for end-users.
• Optical Transport and FSP Solutions: Technologies for high-capacity data transmission over long-haul and metro fiber networks, including solutions for fiber sensing applications.
• Network Management and Orchestration Software: Software suites designed to plan, deploy, manage, and automate network operations for service providers.

Adtran (symbol: ADTN) primarily sells its products and services to **other companies (B2B)** rather than directly to individuals. As a global provider of networking and communications equipment, its customer base consists of various organizations that build, operate, and utilize telecommunications infrastructure.

Based on Adtran's public filings, including its recent 10-K reports, **no single customer is disclosed as accounting for 10% or more of Adtran's revenues** in recent fiscal years (e.g., 2023, 2022, 2021). Therefore, specific names of individual customer companies that are considered "major" under SEC disclosure requirements are not publicly available.

However, Adtran consistently identifies its major **categories of customers** as:

• Service Providers: This is Adtran's largest customer segment and includes telecommunication companies (telcos), internet service providers (ISPs), cable multiple-system operators (MSOs), and utilities. These customers deploy Adtran's equipment to deliver broadband, fiber-to-the-home (FTTH), G.fast, DSL, optical networking, and enterprise connectivity services to their own end-users.
• Enterprises: Businesses of various sizes that purchase Adtran's networking solutions for their internal infrastructure, data center connectivity, and secure access needs.
• Governmental Entities and Military Organizations: Public sector clients that require secure and robust communication networks for their operations.

Adtran typically reaches these customers through a combination of its direct sales force and a global network of channel partners, including distributors, value-added resellers, and system integrators.

• Broadcom (AVGO)
• Marvell Technology (MRVL)
• Texas Instruments (TXN)
• Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. (Foxconn) (2317.TW)
• Sanmina (SANM)

Thomas R. Stanton, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman

Thomas R. Stanton joined ADTRAN in 1995 as vice president of marketing for the Carrier Networks (CN) Division, and has held several senior management positions within the company, including senior vice president and general manager of the CN Division. He was named ADTRAN's chief executive officer in September 2005, and chairman of the board in 2007. Prior to joining ADTRAN, he served as vice president of marketing and engineering at Transcrypt International and held several senior management positions with E. F. Johnson Company. He also serves as Chief Executive Officer of Adtran Networks, SE.

Timothy Santo, Senior Vice President, Finance, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Principal Accounting Officer

Timothy Santo was appointed CFO of ADTRAN Holdings, Inc., effective March 10, 2025. He brings over 25 years of international experience in finance, accounting, and operational leadership across various industries. Before joining ADTRAN, he served as Executive VP and CFO at Conn's HomePlus, where he guided the financial strategy through a period of significant transformation, including a $1 billion acquisition and capital restructuring. He also previously served as Senior Vice President and Global Controller at PRA Group, Inc., overseeing international accounting, financial reporting, and compliance. Additionally, he held leadership roles at Grant Thornton and GE Capital.

Christoph Glingener, Chief Technology Officer

Christoph Glingener has served as the Chief Technology Officer of ADTRAN since 2023. Prior to this role, he was the Chief Technology Officer of ADVA.

James D. Wilson Jr., Chief Revenue Officer

James D. Wilson Jr., also known as Jay, joined ADTRAN in 1998. He has held several roles within the Carrier Networks Division, including vice president of product marketing, and is responsible for all carrier engineering, marketing, sales, and support functions. Before ADTRAN, he served in various management roles for Wyle Laboratories, focusing on sales, marketing, and engineering management for testing and engineering services to the telecommunications, aerospace/defense, and nuclear equipment qualification industries.

Ron Centis, Senior Vice President of Global Operations

Ron Centis joined ADTRAN in February 2019 and serves as the Senior Vice President of Global Operations.

The key risks to Adtran's business (NASDAQ: ADTN) are primarily centered around its financial health and operational execution, the cyclical nature of its primary market, and ongoing external pressures from supply chain and technological shifts.

1. Financial Challenges and Internal Control Weaknesses: Adtran faces significant financial hurdles, evidenced by consistent losses and a concerning Altman Z-Score of 0.88, which suggests a potential risk of bankruptcy within two years. The company has undergone financial statement restatements due to inventory adjustments and has identified material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting. These issues impact investor confidence and the accuracy of its financial reporting. Adtran also has complex financial obligations related to its European operations, including payment obligations to minority shareholders and absorbing annual net losses from Adtran Networks.
2. Reliance on Cyclical Telecom Investment and Intense Market Competition: Adtran's revenue is substantially reliant on the cyclical nature of telecom investment cycles. Any slowdown in capital expenditure by major telecom operators could directly impact the company's revenue. Furthermore, the company operates in a highly competitive landscape with major players like Cisco and Nokia, which puts continuous pressure on pricing and profit margins.
3. Global Supply Chain Uncertainties and Rapid Technological Advancements: Adtran is exposed to ongoing global supply chain uncertainties, which pose a persistent threat and could lead to increased component costs, production delays, and an inability to meet customer demand. Additionally, the telecommunications market is characterized by rapid technological advancements, requiring Adtran to continuously innovate. A failure to adapt quickly to emerging standards or disruptive technologies could erode its market position and competitive edge.

Network Disaggregation and Open Access Initiatives

The telecommunications industry is increasingly moving towards disaggregating network hardware and software, promoting open interfaces, and fostering multi-vendor ecosystems. This trend, inspired by Open RAN in mobile networks, is extending to fixed broadband access, often referred to as Open Broadband.

Adtran traditionally provides integrated hardware and software solutions for broadband access (e.g., Optical Line Terminals - OLTs, Optical Network Terminals - ONTs). Network disaggregation threatens to commoditize the underlying hardware, shifting value and profit pools towards software-centric solutions and potentially enabling new, specialized vendors to enter the market with lower-cost hardware or innovative software. This could erode Adtran's margins and market share for its integrated offerings as service providers seek greater flexibility, reduced vendor lock-in, and lower total cost of ownership by sourcing components from different suppliers.

Evidence for this emerging threat includes:

• Telecom Infra Project (TIP) Open Broadband: Significant industry-wide initiatives backed by major global operators (e.g., Vodafone, Telefonica, Deutsche Telekom) focusing on specifications and deployments for disaggregated OLTs and open passive optical network (PON) solutions.
• Broadband Forum: Actively developing specifications for cloud-native broadband networks and disaggregated access architectures (e.g., Project Cassini), indicating a clear industry direction.
• Operator Adoption and Trials: Numerous tier-1 service providers are openly exploring, trialing, and expressing a strategic intent to deploy disaggregated network elements to reduce vendor lock-in, lower operational costs, and increase innovation velocity.

• Fiber Broadband/Fiber to the Home (FTTH): The global Fiber to the Home (FTTH) market is projected to expand from USD 27.58 billion in 2024 to USD 126.51 billion by 2034, demonstrating a robust Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 16.6% over the forecast period. Another report indicates the global fiber to the home market was valued at USD 62.64 billion in 2024 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 12.3% during the forecast period. Additionally, the global fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP) market is expected to reach approximately $55 billion by 2030.
• Optical Transport Network (OTN): The global optical transport network (OTN) market was valued at USD 25.50 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 52.56 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 9.46% from 2025-2032. Another estimate valued the global optical transport network market at USD 20.6 billion in 2022, with a projection to reach USD 46.12 billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 9.37%.
• Enterprise Networking: The global enterprise networking market size was estimated at USD 215.45 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 298.30 billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 5.4% from 2025 to 2030. Another report valued the global Enterprise Networking Market at USD 72.93 billion in 2024 and projects it to reach USD 427.2 billion by 2032, with a CAGR of 24.73% during the forecast period.

Expected Drivers of Future Revenue Growth for Adtran (ADTN)

• Expansion into Global Markets: Adtran anticipates further revenue growth from its expansion into global markets, particularly in the EMEA and APAC regions, which have demonstrated higher demand for its solutions. The company has seen significant growth in large service provider sales in both EMEA and APAC regions.
• Introduction and Growth of Higher-Speed Access Technologies: The introduction and increased adoption of higher-speed access technologies, such as 50-gig PON, XGS-PON, and Wi-Fi 7 platforms, are expected to drive revenue. These technologies cater to the growing demand for faster broadband services and contribute to the growth of Access & Aggregation and Subscriber Solutions segments.
• Customer Acquisition and Growth in Carrier Customer Base: Adtran has been actively growing its customer base, adding new carrier customers for optical networking solutions and its latest Wi-Fi platforms. This continued success in acquiring new customers is a key factor in expected sequential revenue growth.
• Increased Fiber Access and Optical Transport Demand: The ongoing trend of increasing fiber access and optical transport, combined with a transition away from higher-risk vendors to providers like Adtran, serves as a durable secular catalyst for growth. This trend drives demand for Adtran's comprehensive portfolio in the fiber broadband market.
• Recovery in Service Provider Spending: Following periods of cautious spending, a gradual recovery in service provider spending and a return to normalized spending patterns are expected over the coming quarters. This anticipated improvement in key end markets, coupled with encouraging booking trends, is projected to contribute to Adtran's continued revenue growth.

Share Repurchases

• ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. did not repurchase any stock during 2023 and 2024.
• There is no authorized stock repurchase plan for ADTRAN Holdings, Inc.

Share Issuance

• In September 2025, ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. issued $201.25 million in aggregate principal amount of 3.75% convertible senior notes due 2030, an increase from the initially planned $150.0 million offering.
• The offering included an option for initial purchasers to acquire up to an additional $26.25 million principal amount of notes.
• The net proceeds from the convertible notes offering were primarily intended to fund approximately $15.3 million in capped call transactions to reduce potential dilution, and to repay approximately $152.8 million of outstanding borrowings.

Outbound Investments

• In August 2021, ADTRAN acquired ADVA in a deal valued at EUR 789 million ($931.1 million).
• The merger with ADVA was expected to increase ADTRAN's total addressable market to $14 billion and support communications service providers, enterprises, and government customers worldwide.

Capital Expenditures

• In 2023, capital expenditures for property, plant, and equipment for the Adtran Networks SE subsidiary amounted to EUR 19.0 million, primarily reflecting investments in the expansion of its Meiningen production facility.
• Capital expenditures for intangible assets for the Adtran Networks SE subsidiary were EUR 49.2 million in 2023, largely consisting of capitalized development projects (EUR 45.8 million) and investments in software licenses.
• In 2024, capital expenditures for intangible assets for the Adtran Networks SE subsidiary were EUR 51.3 million, with an increase in investments for other intangible assets, while capitalized development projects and property, plant, and equipment investments decreased.