• Qualcomm for smart glass technology: Research Frontiers develops and licenses core intellectual property for electronically tinting glass, similar to how Qualcomm develops and licenses core chip technology for mobile devices.

• Lutron for windows: REFR provides the underlying technology for dynamic control over light, glare, and privacy through windows, akin to how Lutron provides systems for dynamic control over lighting and window shades.

• Dolby for dynamic windows: They license fundamental technology that transforms static windows into dynamic, controllable surfaces, much like Dolby licenses core audio technology to enhance sound experiences across various devices.

• SPD-SmartGlass Technology Licensing: Research Frontiers licenses its proprietary Suspended Particle Device (SPD) technology, which allows glass and plastic to instantly change tint and control light transmission electronically.
• SPD-SmartGlass: This is the dynamic glass product enabled by their technology, capable of electronically controlling the amount of light, glare, and heat passing through windows, skylights, and displays.

Major Customers of Research Frontiers (REFR)

• Mercedes-Benz Group AG (Symbol: MBG.DE on Xetra; MBGYY as an OTC ADR in the US)

  Mercedes-Benz is a prominent automotive manufacturer that has been a long-standing and highly visible adopter of SPD SmartGlass technology. Their "MAGIC SKY CONTROL" panoramic roofs, available in various high-end models, utilize Research Frontiers' licensed technology, driving demand and showcasing its capabilities in the luxury automotive market.

• Gauzy Ltd. (Private Company)

  Gauzy is a leading global developer and manufacturer of smart glass products. They are a significant licensee and partner of Research Frontiers, integrating SPD technology into their diverse product lines for automotive, architectural, and other applications. Gauzy plays a crucial role in bringing SPD-SmartGlass products to various markets worldwide.

• PPG Industries, Inc. (Symbol: PPG on NYSE)

  PPG is a global manufacturer of paints, coatings, and specialty materials. They have been a critical partner in the SPD ecosystem, involved in the manufacturing of the SPD film itself, which is then integrated into glass by other licensees. PPG's role in supplying a key component of the SPD technology makes them an important customer for the core technology license from Research Frontiers.

Joseph M. Harary, President and Chief Executive Officer (Interim Chief Financial Officer, Board of Directors)

Mr. Harary joined Research Frontiers in 1992 as Vice President and General Counsel, becoming President and Chief Operating Officer in 2002, and Chief Executive Officer in January 2009. He has actively managed and directed all aspects of the company's business, including licensing, raising private and public equity capital, marketing, and government relations. Under his leadership, the company's intellectual property portfolio expanded to over 500 patents. Prior to Research Frontiers, Mr. Harary's corporate law practice at prominent New York City law firms focused on technology, licensing, mergers and acquisitions, securities law, and intellectual property law. He also worked as an economist with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

Mike LaPointe, Vice President - Aerospace Products

Mr. LaPointe joined Research Frontiers in 2000 as Director of Marketing, becoming Vice President of Marketing in 2002 and Vice President of Aerospace Products in 2013. Before joining Research Frontiers, he worked at IBM and founded several companies focused on new technologies. He began advising Research Frontiers on marketing strategy in 1984.

Alexander Kaganowicz, Board of Directors

Dr. Kaganowicz became a director in June 2013 and has been a shareholder of Research Frontiers since 1998. He has been involved in the performance and market testing of SPD products. For 26 years, Dr. Kaganowicz was the proprietor of an automotive services business in Freeport, NY. He holds a Doctorate in Chemistry, has served as Adjunct Associate Professor at the New York Institute of Technology, and worked as a clinical chemist. He also owned and operated several medical supply companies from 1989 to 2005.

Eyal Peso, Board of Directors

Mr. Peso was appointed to the Research Frontiers Board of Directors in June 2023. He is the co-founder, Chairman, and CEO of Gauzy Ltd., an Israeli material science company, which is also a licensee and strategic investor in Research Frontiers. He has led Gauzy from startup to global growth. Prior to Gauzy, he was a business manager at Alvarion Technologies.

Darryl Daigle, Board of Directors

Mr. Daigle has been a shareholder of Research Frontiers since 1991 and was elected to the Board of Directors in June 2012. Since 1987, he has been a principal owner of several profitable family-owned businesses in Louisiana, including SPD Equipment Sales Inc., which sells oilfield and marine equipment, and S&D Bait Company LLC.

The key risks to Research Frontiers (REFR) primarily revolve around its financial performance, its unique licensing-based business model, and investor sentiment.

1. Persistent Unprofitability and Limited Revenue Base: Research Frontiers consistently reports net losses and operates with a very low revenue base for a public company. The company recorded a net loss of $1.31 million for the previous year and a year-to-date net loss of $1.28 million through September 30, 2025. Its operating margin is significantly negative at -161.6%, and its financial health is currently rated as "WEAK." This ongoing unprofitability and a small revenue base ($1M) pose a fundamental challenge to the company's long-term sustainability and growth.
2. High Dependence on Licensing and Market Adoption of SPD-SmartGlass Technology: Research Frontiers' entire business model is centered on licensing its proprietary Suspended Particle Device (SPD-Smart) light-control technology. The company's revenue and future prospects are critically dependent on the successful adoption and commercialization of this technology by its licensees in various markets, particularly automotive, architectural, and aerospace. A significant risk materialized when two European licensees filed for bankruptcy, impacting approximately 44% of Research Frontiers' year-to-date revenue in 2025. Delays in project timelines or external factors such as automotive tariffs could further hinder technology adoption and revenue generation.
3. Significant Stock Price Volatility and Negative Investor Sentiment: Research Frontiers' stock has demonstrated considerable volatility, experiencing a 47% decline over the past six months and underperforming the broader US market. The stock is noted for having a "high retail influence" and "low institutional validation," with some institutional analysts holding a bearish view on its fundamentals and maintaining a "Sell" rating. This high volatility and prevailing negative institutional sentiment can impact investor confidence and potentially affect the company's ability to attract further investment.

The emergence of alternative smart window technologies utilizing micro-blind or MEMS-based systems represents a clear emerging threat. These technologies, distinct from Research Frontiers' Suspended Particle Device (SPD) technology, aim to provide similar variable light control for applications such as automotive sunroofs and windows. As various industry players develop and explore these alternative mechanisms, they pose a direct technological challenge that could achieve comparable or superior performance at a competitive cost, thereby eroding SPD's market share in key applications.

Research Frontiers (symbol: REFR) operates primarily in the smart glass industry, specializing in Suspended Particle Device (SPD-Smart) light-control technology. This technology is licensed to companies that manufacture and market SPD-Smart chemical emulsions, films, panels, and related electronics for a variety of end-products, including windows, skylights, and sunroofs.

The addressable markets for Research Frontiers' main products and services can be quantified as follows:

• Global Smart Glass Market: The global smart glass market size was estimated at approximately $7.38 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach around $13.01 billion by 2030, growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 9.6% from 2025 to 2030. Another estimate places the global smart glass market at $6.81 billion in 2025, with a projection to reach $16.74 billion by 2034.
• U.S. Smart Glass Market: The U.S. smart glass market size is projected to reach approximately $12.2 billion by 2033, with a CAGR of 10.4%. Another estimate for the U.S. market is $1.60 billion in 2025, forecast to reach $4.11 billion by 2034.
• Global SPD Smart Glass Market: The global SPD smart glass market was valued at $1,294.9 million (approximately $1.29 billion) in 2024 and is estimated to grow to $2,429.1 million (approximately $2.43 billion) by 2030, with a CAGR of 10.8% from 2024 to 2030. Similarly, the global switchable SPD films market was valued at $510.1 million in 2024 and is forecasted to expand at a CAGR of 16.1% to reach $2,692.5 million by 2035.
• U.S. Switchable SPD Films Market: In the United States, the switchable SPD films market was valued at $152.2 million in 2025 and is projected to expand at a CAGR of 16.0% through 2035.

Research Frontiers' SPD-Smart technology finds application in various sectors globally, including automotive (windows, sunroofs, sun visors), aerospace (windows), architectural (windows, sunshades, skylights, interior partitions for homes and buildings), marine, and display products.

Research Frontiers (REFR) is expected to experience future revenue growth driven by several key factors over the next 2-3 years:

1. Growth in the Automotive Sector: The company anticipates continued increased demand for its SPD-SmartGlass technology in new car models, particularly from luxury brands such as Ferrari, McLaren, and Mercedes-Benz. Notably, the Cadillac Celestique and the Mercedes-Benz Vision V show car, which incorporates 75% SPD smart glass, are expected to contribute to this growth. The application of SPD-SmartGlass is also expanding beyond sunroofs to other vehicle areas like side windows.
2. Expansion into the Architectural Retrofit Market: Research Frontiers is actively targeting the architectural market, with a planned launch of its architectural retrofit market in the latter half of 2025. A commercial SPD-SmartGlass retrofit window system, unveiled at GlassBuild 2025, offers a cost-effective solution for upgrading existing buildings, including government facilities, embassies, and commercial structures. This initiative is further supported by tax incentives and global energy efficiency regulations.
3. Growth in the Aircraft/Aerospace Sector: The aerospace market continues to show growing interest and increased demand for SPD-SmartGlass, with new projects anticipated to drive revenue in this segment.
4. Expansion into the Government Market: Leveraging the architectural retrofit system, Research Frontiers explicitly aims to expand its presence within the government market. This expansion is strategically planned to benefit from tax incentives promoting smart glass adoption.
5. Introduction of New Products and Technology Integrations: Future revenue growth is expected from the introduction of new car models and other products utilizing the company's SPD-SmartGlass technology. A significant development includes the debut of an innovative dual smart glass stack combining SPD and PDLC technologies in the Mercedes-Benz Vision V show car. The company also highlights the potential for synergistic solutions by integrating SPD technology with OLED transparent displays, transparent photovoltaics, PDLC technology, and Gorilla Glass.

Share Issuance

• The number of outstanding shares increased by 0.32% in one year, as of the latest available data.

Inbound Investments

• In February 2022, Research Frontiers Incorporated received $60 million in funding from investors including Walleye Capital LLC, Avestar Capital, LLC, OTV, BlueRed Partners, Waarde Capital, and Avery Dennison Corporation.

Capital Expenditures

• Capital expenditures for Research Frontiers were -$1,463 in the last 12 months.
• The company's business model involves licensing its technology and maintaining low operating costs, relying on global partners to build factories and expand distribution, which minimizes heavy capital outlays by Research Frontiers.