Here are 1-3 brief analogies for Humana (HUM):

• Humana is like UnitedHealth Group (UnitedHealthcare), providing health insurance plans, especially for seniors through Medicare.
• Humana is like CVS Health's Aetna, a major health insurer, but with a particular emphasis on Medicare plans.
• Humana is like the Allstate or Progressive for health insurance, specializing in covering medical costs for individuals and employers, particularly seniors.

• Medicare Advantage Plans: These are private health insurance plans that contract with Medicare to provide beneficiaries with all their Part A and Part B benefits, often including prescription drug coverage and additional benefits.
• Medicare Supplement Plans (Medigap): These plans help pay for out-of-pocket costs that Original Medicare doesn't cover, such as deductibles, copayments, and coinsurance.
• Prescription Drug Plans (Part D): Stand-alone plans that provide coverage for prescription medications to individuals enrolled in Original Medicare.
• Commercial Group Health Plans: Health insurance plans offered by employers to their employees, providing medical, pharmacy, and sometimes specialty benefits.
• Medicaid Managed Care Plans: Health plans offered to eligible low-income individuals and families, administered through state contracts.
• Specialty Benefits: Supplemental insurance products such as dental, vision, life, and short-term disability insurance.
• Healthcare Services: Provides various healthcare services including home health, pharmacy services, and clinic operations, often integrating with their insurance plans.

For the public company Humana (symbol: HUM), it primarily sells its health insurance products and services to individuals, often categorized by the type of health plan they select or are eligible for. While Humana does serve employer groups, the ultimate beneficiaries and thus the "customers" in terms of healthcare services are the individuals enrolled in their plans.

The up to three major categories of customers Humana serves are:

• Medicare Members: This is a significant portion of Humana's business. These customers are individuals aged 65 and older, or younger individuals with certain disabilities, who enroll in Humana's Medicare Advantage plans (Part C), standalone Prescription Drug Plans (Part D), or Medicare Supplement plans.
• Medicaid Members: Humana serves individuals with low incomes who qualify for government assistance through its Medicaid managed care plans. Humana partners with various state governments to administer these programs.
• Commercial Members: This category includes individuals who receive their health insurance through their employer (group plans) or those who purchase health plans directly from Humana on the individual market (often through the Affordable Care Act exchanges).

• CVS Health (CVS)

James Rechtin, President and Chief Executive Officer

James Rechtin became Humana's President and Chief Executive Officer in July 2024, after joining the company as President and Chief Operating Officer in January 2024. Before his tenure at Humana, he held the position of President and CEO at Envision Healthcare. He also served as President of OptumCare, a part of UnitedHealth Group, and held senior leadership roles at DaVita Medical Group, including Senior Vice President of Corporate Strategy and President of its California market. While he was at DaVita Medical Group, the company was acquired by OptumCare. Rechtin spent 14 years in the healthcare sector with Bain & Company and began his career running operations for a nonprofit clinic and serving in the Peace Corps. His experience at Envision Healthcare, which has been backed by private equity, indicates involvement with privately funded entities.

Celeste Mellet, Chief Financial Officer

Celeste Mellet is slated to become Humana's Chief Financial Officer effective January 11, 2025, succeeding Susan Diamond. She currently serves as the CFO of Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP), an infrastructure fund manager that was recently acquired by BlackRock. Prior to GIP, she was the CFO, Senior Managing Director, and Executive Vice President at Evercore. Mellet also held the position of Executive Vice President and CFO at Fannie Mae and spent over 18 years at Morgan Stanley, where her roles included global treasurer and head of investor, creditor, and counterparty relations.

Susan Diamond, Advisor (Former Chief Financial Officer)

Susan Diamond served as Humana's Chief Financial Officer from 2021 until January 2025 and will remain in an advisory role through the end of 2025. She joined Humana in 2006 and held various financial and operational leadership roles within the Medicare and Home businesses, including President of Home Solutions and Senior Vice President of Medicare. Before joining Humana, Diamond was CFO for Smoothstone IP Communications and Prosperitas Investment Partners. She also gained six years of experience in financial leadership roles for early-stage, venture-backed technology companies and spent five years as CFO for a Louisville-based venture capital firm. Diamond led Humana's acquisition of the remaining 60 percent interest in Kindred at Home, a $5.7 billion deal that was the largest in Humana's history.

David Dintenfass, President, Enterprise Growth

David Dintenfass joined Humana in February 2024 as President, Enterprise Growth. In this role, he is responsible for leading the company's growth strategy, with a focus on customer acquisition, retention, and experience. Dintenfass brings over 30 years of experience from various sectors, including consumer banking, wealth and asset management, and consumer-packaged goods.

Dr. Sanjay K. Shetty, President, CenterWell

Dr. Sanjay K. Shetty joined Humana in March 2023 as President of CenterWell. He is responsible for leading the strategy, growth, and business operations of Humana's healthcare services businesses, which include Pharmacy, Provider Services, and Home Solutions. Additionally, Dr. Shetty oversees the Humana Military segment.

The public company Humana (HUM) faces several key risks to its business, primarily concentrated within its significant Medicare Advantage segment.

1. Medicare Advantage Star Ratings Decline: Humana experienced a significant drop in its Medicare Advantage (MA) Star Ratings for 2025, with only approximately 25% of its MA members now enrolled in plans rated 4-star or higher, a sharp decline from 94% in 2024. This downgrade has substantial financial implications, as higher-rated plans receive increased reimbursement rates and are more attractive to prospective enrollees. The company anticipates that these lower ratings will negatively impact its 2026 earnings, and it has initiated a lawsuit challenging the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services' (CMS) 2025 Star Ratings.
2. Rising Medical Cost Trends: Humana is significantly challenged by continued medical cost inflation and unpredictable healthcare utilization trends, particularly within its Medicare Advantage business. Increased use of medical facilities and services, higher prescription drug costs (especially for specialty drugs), and the introduction of new or costly treatments contribute to these elevated costs, which can significantly pressure the company's profitability and margins.
3. Regulatory and Governmental Policy Changes: As a company with a substantial portion of its revenue derived from government contracts, Humana is highly susceptible to various regulatory risks and changes in government healthcare policies. These risks extend beyond Star Ratings and include potential reductions in Medicare reimbursement rates, alterations to CMS's risk adjustment models, and other legislative or regulatory changes impacting the Medicare Advantage and Prescription Drug Plan programs. Such changes can materially affect Humana's operations, financial position, and cash flows.

One clear emerging threat for Humana stems from the aggressive expansion of major retailers and tech giants into integrated healthcare services. Companies like Amazon and Walmart are actively building comprehensive ecosystems that could fundamentally alter how consumers access and pay for healthcare, directly challenging traditional health insurers like Humana.

• Amazon's continued investments in healthcare, including its acquisition of One Medical (primary care clinics) and its robust Amazon Pharmacy operations, indicate a strategic intent to simplify and integrate healthcare delivery. While Amazon Care was discontinued, the underlying strategy of offering accessible, tech-driven healthcare solutions remains. If Amazon were to bundle these services into a compelling subscription model or a streamlined Medicare offering that emphasizes convenience and integrated care directly to consumers, it could significantly disrupt Humana's Medicare Advantage business by providing an alternative, tech-forward pathway to care that bypasses traditional insurance complexities.
• Walmart's rapid expansion of its "Walmart Health" centers, which offer primary care, dental, optometry, and behavioral health services at transparent, often lower prices, poses another significant emerging threat. Walmart's strategy is to become a comprehensive, affordable healthcare provider for communities. Should Walmart continue to expand this footprint and potentially integrate these services with its own branded health plans or highly preferred partner plans, it could capture a significant portion of the cost-conscious Medicare Advantage population, undermining Humana's established provider networks and care coordination models.

These developments are not speculative; they are observable trends of powerful, customer-centric companies actively building infrastructure and services that could offer alternatives to traditional health insurance, similar to how Netflix disrupted Blockbuster by offering a new, more convenient delivery model.

Humana Inc. (NYSE: HUM) is a prominent health insurance company in the U.S., primarily offering Medicare Advantage plans, prescription drug plans, Medicaid services, and healthcare services through its CenterWell segment, which includes home-based care and pharmacy benefit management. The addressable markets for Humana's main products and services in the United States are as follows:

• Medicare Advantage: The U.S. Medicare Advantage market accounted for approximately $462 billion of total federal Medicare spending in 2024.
• Pharmacy Benefit Management (PBM): The U.S. pharmacy benefit management market was valued at $587.4 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $638.0 billion in 2025.
• Home Healthcare Services: The U.S. home healthcare market size was estimated at $194.24 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach approximately $222.61 billion by 2025.
• Medicaid Managed Care: null
• Specialty Benefits (Dental and Vision Insurance): null
• Employer Group Health Plans: null

Humana (NYSE: HUM) is expected to drive future revenue growth over the next 2-3 years through several key strategies and market dynamics:

1. Growth in Medicare Advantage (MA) Membership and Optimized Product Offerings: Humana, a prominent player in the Medicare Advantage market, anticipates sustained multi-year member growth. The company is actively focusing on enhancing its Stars ratings, with an aim to achieve top-quartile performance by the 2027-2028 plan year. Improved Stars ratings are crucial as they directly influence quality bonus payments, a significant revenue component. Humana is also implementing incremental pricing adjustments in its MA plans to mitigate reimbursement pressures and is customizing benefits by segment to boost retention and attract new members.
2. Expansion of CenterWell and Value-Based Care Models: The CenterWell segment, which encompasses Humana's primary care, pharmacy, and home health services, is a significant growth engine. This division has consistently demonstrated robust revenue growth, driven by its pharmacy services and increasing patient base in primary care. Humana is strategically expanding its value-based care models, including through the addition of new care centers, which is expected to lead to increases in both patients and memberships and support overall revenue growth.
3. Growth in Medicaid and Other Government-Sponsored Programs: Beyond Medicare Advantage, Humana maintains a substantial presence in government-sponsored healthcare programs, including Medicaid and Tricare. The company has been actively expanding its Medicaid footprint, now covering 13 states, and is exploring new opportunities in dual-eligible Medicaid programs across various states. Membership growth in these state-based contracts and standalone prescription drug plan (PDP) businesses is expected to contribute to future revenue.
4. Favorable Demographic Trends: Humana's core business benefits significantly from the broader demographic shift in the United States. The 65+ population is projected to grow by 13% between 2024 and 2030, alongside an anticipated 6 percentage point increase in Medicare Advantage penetration by 2030, which could add approximately 9 million new enrollees to the market. These underlying demographic trends provide a strong and sustained tailwind for Humana's target market and revenue expansion.

Capital Allocation Decisions (Last 3-5 Years)

Share Repurchases

• Humana's Board of Directors approved a new $3 billion share repurchase authorization in February 2024, replacing a prior authorization.
• The company repurchased $750 million in shares during the first six months of 2024.
• Annual share repurchases amounted to $817 million in 2024, $1.573 billion in 2023, and $2.096 billion in 2022.

Share Issuance

• Humana issued $1.5 billion in senior notes in March 2025, which contributed to an increase in its debt-to-total capitalization.

Outbound Investments

• In August 2021, Humana acquired the remaining 60% interest in Kindred at Home for an enterprise value of $8.2 billion, with approximately $5.8 billion paid (net of existing equity stake) through a combination of debt financing, assumed indebtedness, and cash.
• The company acquired home-based healthcare and care coordination services provider Onehome in June 2021 and managed care organization Inclusa in August 2022.
• Humana is expanding its CenterWell platform, with expectations for 20% patient panel growth and 15% growth in centers by 2024, emphasizing integrated care services.

Capital Expenditures

• Expected capital expenditures for fiscal year 2025 are approximately $650 million.
• Expected capital expenditures for fiscal year 2024 were approximately $800 million.
• The primary focus of capital expenditures includes investments in technology and data analytics, such as the Humana studio_h in Boston for digital health solutions.