iShares Global Clean Energy ETF (ICLN)


Market Price (9/8/2026): $18.26

iShares Global Clean Energy ETF (ICLN)


Market Price (9/8/2026): $18.26

Key Takeaways

  • ICLN has returned +8.2% YTD vs +13.3% for SPY, +17.2% for QQQ; +22.0% over the past 12 months (SPY +20.0%, QQQ +25.3%). details →
  • Priced in gold, ICLN has returned -47.9% over the past 3 years, vs +20.0% in dollars — its dollar gains have lagged gold. details →
  • Over the past month, ICLN has seen net inflows of +$24M (+1.1% of assets). details →
  • Risk-adjusted returns trail QQQ: 3-year Sharpe ratio of 0.1 vs 1.0. details →
  • ICLN trades 25% below its 52-week high. details →
Last updated: 9/7/2026.

Price Chart

Asset Allocation with ICLN

Risk Tolerance:
ConservativeModerateAggressive
Moderate — 55% equity / 25% bonds / 20% alternatives
10Y Return (ann.)
+8.7%
Volatility
17.4%
Sharpe
0.40
YTD
+6.7%
Modeled with monthly rebalancing to target weights; 10-year figures are annualized from monthly returns. Illustrative only — past performance is not indicative of future results.

Learn More →
Tailored Asset Allocation
[1] Personalized 5 Level Risk Tolerance Assessment
[2] Asset Allocation for My Risk Tolerance
Learn More →
Protect Wealth
[1] Defensive Portfolios
[2] Tax-Efficient Strategies

Valuation & Yield

 Forward [4,5]NowHistorical (CYE & TTM)
 9/30/279/8/2620252024202320222021
Share Price CYE $17.77$16.43$11.17$15.04$18.90$19.98
Dividend/Share TTM $0.13$0.27$0.21$0.25$0.18$0.25

Valuation [1]
       
P/S2.963.583.282.452.645.527.96
P/E 42.3621.1827.9034.8553.8683.54
P/E (Non-GAAP) [2]30.6641.3223.1620.9128.6298.23153.87
P/FCF 81.3259.78287.20

Yields TTM
       
Earnings Yield3.26%2.36%4.72%3.58%2.87%1.86%1.20%
Dividend Yield0.72%0.72%1.63%1.88%1.64%0.94%1.26%
Total Yield (TY)3.98%3.08%6.35%5.46%4.51%2.79%2.45%

Risk Premium [3]
       
Risk Free Rate (Rf)4.77%4.77%4.18%4.58%3.88%3.88%1.52%
Risk Prem. (TY - Rf)-0.79%-1.69%2.17%0.88%0.63%-1.09%0.93%

Growth Rates [6]
       
Sales Growth17.4%-1.5%10.8%-29.5%1.1%  
Earnings Growth [7]    -337.8%  

[1] P/E uses the aggregate method over profitable constituents; P/FCF aggregates net free cash flow across all constituents (negative-FCF names reduce it); P/S uses all constituents. Ratios reflect current ETF holdings at current weights. P/FCF has no Forward column (no analyst FCF estimate).
[2] P/E (Non-GAAP) uses analyst consensus net income (adjusted basis) for all periods. The standard P/E row above uses GAAP net income.
[3] The premium above the risk free rate (US 10Y) offered by the investment. Negative premiums can indicate stretched valuations.
Show more
[4] Forward P/S and Forward P/E determined as:
  (a) Aggregate using constituent analyst consensus. FY1/FY2 blended by months of overlap to the 12-month window ending 9/30/27.
  (b) Uses current weights and market caps. Shown only when ≥90% of weight has estimates.
[5] Forward dividend yield and risk-free rate are carried at current, not projected.
[6] Growth Rates:
  (a) Weighted by current constituent weights. Shown when ≥90% of weight is covered.
  (b) Now and Historical columns show realized year-over-year change.
  (c) Forward growth rates using next fiscal year (FY2) vs. current fiscal year (FY1) consensus. This differs from the blended target date used for calculating Forward P/S and P/E.
[7] Earnings Growth reflects:
  (a) Non-GAAP earnings growth for forward earnings using next fiscal year (FY2) vs. current fiscal year (FY1) consensus.
  (b) GAAP earnings growth for Now and Historical growth rates.

Highlights
YIELD
ICLN's earnings yield is 2.36%, based on its 42.4x trailing P/E. With a 0.72% dividend yield, ICLN is yielding 3.08% in total.
RISK
Compared to US Treasuries at 4.77%, ICLN's total yield implies a -1.69% risk premium. A negative risk premium means investors earn less than risk-free Treasuries — valuations are historically stretched, though expectations of falling interest rates or fast earnings growth can justify such levels.
FORWARD EXPECTATIONS
Based on analyst estimates, ICLN's forward total yield is 3.98%, implying a -0.79% risk premium assuming stable Treasury rates.

Top 20 Holdings for ICLN

Total Weights
Top 5: 28.2% | Top 10: 35.9% | Top 20: 35.9%

TickerHoldingETF WeightSales WeightEarnings WeightFwd P/SFwd P/EFwd Sales GrowthFwd Earnings Growth
Total38.20%100.00%100.00%2.228.3+17.4%+25.5%
Top 2034.74%49.98%80.50%4.332.1+17.1%+29.6%
BEBloom Energy8.00%2.49%3.64%11.873.8+67.3%+88.9%
FSLRFirst Solar7.99%1.42%8.57%38.793.6+17.2%+31.9%
nullN/A1.17%
NXTNextpower6.57%13.59%41.34%2.715.7+18.7%+28.6%
ENPHEnphase Energy4.48%9.01%16.89%3.916.3+6.2%+15.5%
PLUGPlug Power2.76%4.93%3.2+18.4%
SEDGSolarEdge Technologies1.93%8.93%1.550.4+11.1%
CWENClearway Energy1.92%5.69%6.11%2.226.5+11.5%
SHLSShoals Technologies1.10%3.93%3.95%1.813.1+11.3%+27.4%
[1] Total and Top 20 rows are weighted aggregates across constituents.
[2] Forward P/S and P/E ratios use consensus sales and earnings for the 12 months ending 9/30/27. Individual constituent FY1 and FY2 consensus figures adjusted to align with 9/30/27.
[3] Forward Sales and Non-GAAP Earnings Growth are calculated as next fiscal year (FY2) consensus growth over current fiscal year (FY1) consensus. They are not derived from the forward P/S and P/E multiples shown.

Performance for ICLN Top Holdings

TickerHoldingWeightMkt Price
9/7
1D Rtn1M RtnYTD Rtn1Y Rtn3Y Rtn5Y Rtn10Y Rtn
ICLNiShares Global Clean Energy ETF100.00%17.770.0%-2.9%8.2%22.0%20.0%-17.5%122.8%
BEBloom Energy8.00%252.870.0%15.3%191.0%343.1%1,619.0%1,132.3% 
FSLRFirst Solar7.99%204.450.0%-18.2%-21.7%-0.3%11.6%114.2%450.6%
nullN/A1.17%        
NXTNextpower6.57%84.500.0%-18.2%-3.0%20.5%98.3%  
ENPHEnphase Energy4.48%36.370.0%-13.1%13.5%-8.3%-69.7%-77.7%1,920.6%
PLUGPlug Power2.76%2.170.0%-0.5%10.2%48.6%-72.7%-91.4%58.4%
SEDGSolarEdge Technologies1.93%34.200.0%7.7%18.5%-0.6%-77.0%-87.5%102.6%
CWENClearway Energy1.92%31.820.0%-1.1%-0.6%16.8%56.8%30.5%214.7%
SHLSShoals Technologies1.10%7.130.0%-20.2%-16.1%-0.3%-65.8%-77.3% 

Guidance Updates for ICLN Top Holdings

 TickerCompanyEarnings DateGuidance MetricMidpoint Value% ChangeGuidance Change
BE_7282026BEBloom Energy7/28/20262026 Revenue4.05 Bil12.5%RaisedRaised Prior Guidance of 3.60 Bil for 2026
NXT_7302026NXTNextpower7/30/20262027 Revenue4.25 Bil7.6%RaisedRaised Prior Guidance of 3.95 Bil for 2027

Return vs. Risk

Price Returns Compared

 202120222023202420252026Total [1]
Returns
ICLN Return-24%-5%-20%-26%47%7%-33%
Peers Return19%-37%33%-0%40%10%54%
S&P 500 Return27%-19%24%23%16%13%106%

Monthly Win Rates [3]
ICLN Win Rate33%42%42%50%67%67% 
Peers Win Rate55%32%57%48%67%49% 
S&P 500 Win Rate75%42%67%75%67%56% 

Max Drawdowns [4]
ICLN Max Drawdown-38%-26%-39%-26%-11%-29% 
Peers Max Drawdown-25%-46%-28%-23%-31%-25% 
S&P 500 Max Drawdown-5%-25%-10%-8%-19%-9% 


[1] Cumulative total returns since the beginning of 2021
[2] Peers: ARKK, URA, BOTZ, ROBO, LIT.
[3] Win Rate = % of calendar months in which monthly returns were positive
[4] Max drawdown represents maximum peak-to-trough decline within a year
[5] 2026 data is for the year up to 9/4/2026 (YTD)

Sharpe Ratios Compared

One measure of reward vs. risk is a Sharpe ratio. A higher ratio indicates better risk-adjusted returns. Most funds have Sharpe ratios < 1.0.

Ticker1Y3Y5Y
ICLN0.650.12-0.16
Equity Top Results (3Y)   
IALT2.082.082.08
VLUE2.531.420.74
SPMO0.941.370.79
CORO1.351.331.33
CGDV1.281.310.94

Results as of 8312026.

How Low Can It Go

EventICLNS&P 500
Summer-Fall 2023 Five Percent Yield Shock
  % Loss-31.3%-9.5%
  % Gain to Breakeven45.6%10.5%
  Time to Breakeven737 days24 days
2023 SVB Regional Banking Crisis
  % Loss-10.3%-6.7%
  % Gain to Breakeven11.5%7.1%
  Time to Breakeven937 days31 days
2022 Inflation Shock & Fed Tightening
  % Loss-21.2%-24.5%
  % Gain to Breakeven26.9%32.4%
  Time to Breakeven77 days427 days
2020 COVID-19 Crash
  % Loss-41.1%-33.7%
  % Gain to Breakeven69.7%50.9%
  Time to Breakeven114 days140 days
2016-2017 Trump Reflation Bond Selloff
  % Loss-15.9%-3.7%
  % Gain to Breakeven19.0%3.9%
  Time to Breakeven254 days6 days
2015-2016 China Devaluation / Global Growth Scare
  % Loss-24.1%-12.2%
  % Gain to Breakeven31.7%13.9%
  Time to Breakeven699 days62 days

Compare to ARKK, URA, BOTZ, ROBO, LIT

In The Past

iShares Global Clean Energy ETF's stock fell -7.3% during the 2025 US Tariff Shock. Such a loss loss requires a 7.9% gain to breakeven.

Preserve Wealth

Limiting losses and compounding gains is essential to preserving wealth.

Asset Allocation

Actively managed asset allocation strategies protect wealth. Learn more.

EventICLNS&P 500
Summer-Fall 2023 Five Percent Yield Shock
  % Loss-31.3%-9.5%
  % Gain to Breakeven45.6%10.5%
  Time to Breakeven737 days24 days
2022 Inflation Shock & Fed Tightening
  % Loss-21.2%-24.5%
  % Gain to Breakeven26.9%32.4%
  Time to Breakeven77 days427 days
2020 COVID-19 Crash
  % Loss-41.1%-33.7%
  % Gain to Breakeven69.7%50.9%
  Time to Breakeven114 days140 days
2015-2016 China Devaluation / Global Growth Scare
  % Loss-24.1%-12.2%
  % Gain to Breakeven31.7%13.9%
  Time to Breakeven699 days62 days
2014-2016 Oil Price Collapse
  % Loss-31.4%-6.8%
  % Gain to Breakeven45.8%7.3%
  Time to Breakeven1212 days15 days
2011 US Debt Ceiling Crisis & European Contagion
  % Loss-43.8%-17.9%
  % Gain to Breakeven77.9%21.8%
  Time to Breakeven3025 days123 days
2010 Eurozone Sovereign Debt Crisis / Flash Crash
  % Loss-25.5%-15.4%
  % Gain to Breakeven34.2%18.2%
  Time to Breakeven294 days125 days

Compare to ARKK, URA, BOTZ, ROBO, LIT

In The Past

iShares Global Clean Energy ETF's stock fell -7.3% during the 2025 US Tariff Shock. Such a loss loss requires a 7.9% gain to breakeven.

Preserve Wealth

Limiting losses and compounding gains is essential to preserving wealth.

Asset Allocation

Actively managed asset allocation strategies protect wealth. Learn more.

ICLN Dip Buy History


Get Notified
Alerts when dip buy opportunities arise.
Notify Me →

Current Dip Buy Opportunities Across ETFs

ETFs currently down 5% or more from trailing 6M peaks.

TickerNameDip %Mkt PricePrice DatePeak PricePeak Date# Days
IWPiShares Russell Mid-Cap Growth ETF-5.4%139.699072026147.70817202621
ASHRXtrackers Harvest CSI 300 China A-Shares ETF-8.3%34.20907202637.30622202677
EWYiShares MSCI South Korea ETF-13.8%188.879072026219.20621202678
EWZiShares MSCI Brazil ETF-9.3%37.86907202641.734142026146
FXIiShares China Large-Cap ETF-6.2%35.88907202638.265132026117
ILFiShares Latin America 40 ETF-5.3%36.07907202638.104142026146
KWEBKraneShares CSI China Internet ETF-15.9%26.05907202630.993102026181
MTUMiShares MSCI USA Momentum Factor ETF-11.7%304.869072026345.22622202677
SPHQInvesco S&P 500 Quality ETF-5.3%85.32907202690.10630202669
SPMOInvesco S&P 500 Momentum ETF-7.4%149.729072026161.66622202677
URAGlobal X Uranium ETF-20.9%46.06907202658.265062026124
BOTZGlobal X Funds Global X Robotics & Artificial Intelligence ETF-13.6%35.95907202641.635132026117
ROBOROBO Global Robotics & Automation Index ETF-10.8%80.57907202690.34602202697
LITGlobal X Lithium & Battery Tech ETF-19.0%74.18907202691.625112026119
ICLNiShares Global Clean Energy ETF-25.2%17.77907202623.75602202697
ARKQARK Autonomous Technology & Robotics ETF-15.0%122.259072026143.825282026102
ARKXARK Space & Defense Innovation ETF-14.6%32.22907202637.745282026102
NASATema Space Innovators ETF-43.9%23.52907202641.895272026103
AGIXKraneShares Artificial Intelligence ETF-7.0%45.93907202649.40601202698
XLKState Street Technology Select Sector SPDR ETF-5.5%187.289072026198.21602202697
XLIState Street Industrial Select Sector SPDR ETF-6.0%175.279072026186.51816202622
XLCState Street Communication Services Select Sector SPDR ETF-5.9%112.039072026119.104192026141
XLYState Street Consumer Discretionary Select Sector SPDR ETF-5.9%114.919072026122.065282026102
XLUState Street Utilities Select Sector SPDR ETF-8.6%43.08907202647.154092026151
IYJiShares U.S. Industrials ETF-5.2%161.109072026169.86804202634
SMHVanEck Semiconductor ETF-15.2%567.019072026668.91622202677
SOXXiShares Semiconductor ETF-20.6%519.869072026655.01622202677
ITAiShares U.S. Aerospace & Defense ETF-10.9%225.619072026253.22816202622
IGViShares Expanded Tech-Software Sector ETF-5.2%104.579072026110.32827202611
IYTiShares U.S. Transportation ETF-6.5%84.17907202690.01716202653
MISLFirst Trust Indxx Aerospace & Defense ETF-12.0%43.53907202649.463092026182
RINGiShares MSCI Global Gold Miners ETF-6.2%87.40907202693.17825202613
SOXQInvesco PHLX Semiconductor ETF-19.7%92.409072026115.11622202677
TLTiShares 20+ Year Treasury Bond ETF-6.1%82.21907202687.523092026182
SPTLState Street SPDR Portfolio Long Term Treasury ETF-5.3%25.12907202626.523092026182
EDVVanguard World Funds Extended Duration ETF-8.9%60.29907202666.203092026182
GSGiShares GSCI Commodity-5.8%30.01907202631.853182026173
GLDSPDR Gold Trust-14.9%406.779072026477.863102026181
IAUiShares Gold Trust-14.8%83.39907202697.853102026181
GLDMSPDR Gold MiniShares Trust-14.7%87.739072026102.893102026181
SGOLETFS Physical Swiss Gold Shares-9.8%44.66907202649.533102026181
BARDirexion Daily Gold Bull 3X Shares-13.4%44.34907202651.203102026181
SLViShares Silver Trust-25.3%59.82907202680.093102026181
PPLTETFS Physical Platinum Shares-17.5%16.50907202620.003102026181
CPERUnited States Copper Index Fund ETV-7.7%33.33907202636.123112026180
PALLETFS Physical Palladium Shares-17.4%25.31907202630.643092026182
USOUnited States Oil Fund LP-7.2%141.969072026152.965192026111
UNGUnited States Natural Gas Fund LP-19.0%10.56907202613.043122026179
BNOUnited States Brent Oil Fund LP ETV-7.1%55.85907202660.135042026126
SCHHSchwab U.S. REIT ETF-5.7%23.45907202624.86726202643
REETiShares Global REIT ETF-5.2%27.40907202628.89726202643
USRTiShares Core U.S. REIT ETF-6.4%65.34907202669.82726202643

ETF Fund Flows

Largest fund inflows and outflows across ETFs, with the asset-allocation rotation they imply.

Net fund flows · as of 2026-09-04

Asset allocation rotation · Past month

  • Equity ETFs drew the largest net inflows (+$19.0B), followed by Bond (+$16.9B), while Real Estate (−$277M) saw the largest outflows.
  • Within the mix, money rotated into Short Treasury (+$9.2B) and out of Broad Sector (−$5.8B).
  • Relative to fund size, CNEQ drew the largest inflow (+81.8% of AUM) and SNXX the largest outflow (−32.6%).
Largest inflows
#TickerNameTypeNet flow% of AUM
1VOOVanguard S&P 500 ETFEquity US Large Cap Core+$30.38B+2.9%
2VTIVanguard Morningstar Total Stock Market ETFEquity US Total Market+$6.46B+0.9%
3SGOViShares 0-3 Month Treasury Bond ETFCash+$6.06B+5.8%
4GLDSPDR Gold SharesCommodity Gold+$4.87B+3.3%
5VGSHVanguard Short-Term Treasury ETFBond Short Treasury+$4.66B+15.1%
6SCHDSchwab U.S. Dividend Equity ETFEquity Dividend Income+$3.44B+3.1%
7AVLVAvantis U.S. Large Cap Value ETFOther+$3.29B+15.3%
8IBITiShares Bitcoin Trust ETFCrypto+$2.78B+4.7%
9RSPInvesco S&P 500 Equal Weight ETFEquity Factor Smart Beta+$2.67B+2.7%
10VCITVanguard Intermediate-Term Corporate Bond ETFBond Intermediate Corporate+$2.45B+3.5%
Largest outflows
#TickerNameTypeNet flow% of AUM
1IVViShares Core S&P 500 ETFEquity US Large Cap Core-$35.73B-4.0%
2XLFState Street Financial Select Sector SPDR ETFEquity Broad Sector-$3.47B-6.2%
3VGITVanguard Intermediate-Term Treasury ETFBond Intermediate Treasury-$2.6B-6.1%
4LQDiShares iBoxx $ Investment Grade Corporate Bond ETFBond Intermediate Corporate-$2.52B-7.7%
5HYGiShares iBoxx $ High Yield Corporate Bond ETFBond High Yield Corporate-$2.35B-14.1%
6QQQInvesco QQQ Trust, Series 1Equity US Nasdaq Growth-$2.19B-0.4%
7GOVTiShares U.S. Treasury Bond ETFBond Intermediate Treasury-$1.86B-4.2%
8DRAMRoundhill Memory ETFOther-$1.83B-7.0%
9DIAState Street SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF TrustEquity US Large Concentrated-$1.38B-3.0%
10XLIState Street Industrial Select Sector SPDR ETFEquity Broad Sector-$935M-2.8%

Largest ETF fund flows across ~2631 funds (min AUM $100M). Net creations/redemptions; leveraged & inverse ETFs excluded. A ⚠ marks a day excluded as a suspected data error.

Set Alerts and Notifications

Stay Informed

Trade & Investment Ideas

Wealth

Alert Me Periodically

Inform Me Once

About ICLN

0Holdings Count: 106
Expense Ratio: 0.38%
Inception Date: 2008-06-23
iShares Global Clean Energy ETF
The iShares Global Clean Energy ETF (ICLN) provides investors with exposure to the worldwide clean energy industry. It achieves this by mirroring the investment performance of an index comprising international companies focused on sustainable power solutions.
Asset Class: Equity | ETF Website

Recent Active Movers

Peer Comparisons

Peers to compare with:

Profile

ICLNARKKURABOTZROBOLITMedian
NameiShares Gl.ARK Innova.Global X U.Global X F.ROBO Globa.Global X L. 
Asset ClassEquityEquityEquityEquityEquityEquity-
AUM ($ Bil)2.25.66.43.42.01.62.8
Expense Ratio0.38%0.75%0.69%0.68%0.95%0.75%0.72%
10-D Avg Volume (Mil)6.236.263.570.910.220.372.24
Latest Day Volume (Mil)1.08-0.760.140.030.170.17
Holdings Count106105761794159
Inception Date6/23/200810/31/201411/4/20109/12/201610/20/20137/22/2010-

Fundamentals

ICLNARKKURABOTZROBOLITMedian
NameiShares Gl.ARK Innova.Global X U.Global X F.ROBO Globa.Global X L. 
Net Asset Value17.3783.4345.6036.0781.1776.61-
Premium/Discount2.3%3.3%1.0%-0.3%-0.7%-3.2%0.3%
Distribution Yield1.0%0.0%4.5%0.5%0.4%0.7%0.6%
Sales Yield36.1%9.7%3.1%13.8%28.0%32.3%20.9%
Earnings Yield1.9%1.0%0.3%2.4%2.2%1.7%1.8%

Valuation

ICLNARKKURABOTZROBOLITMedian
NameiShares Gl.ARK Innova.Global X U.Global X F.ROBO Globa.Global X L. 
P/S (TTM)2.8x10.3x32.0x7.3x3.6x3.1x5.4x
P/E (TTM)51.6x104.0x297.0x40.8x45.0x58.3x55.0x
P/FCF (TTM)---55.9x43.1x-49.5x
Forward P/E-------
Forward P/S-------

Risk

ICLNARKKURABOTZROBOLITMedian
NameiShares Gl.ARK Innova.Global X U.Global X F.ROBO Globa.Global X L. 
Volatility (1Y)30.4%37.9%52.7%26.8%27.0%34.1%32.2%
Volatility (3Y)26.6%39.6%43.2%25.2%23.7%32.0%29.3%
Volatility (5Y)28.1%46.7%44.2%27.3%24.5%31.8%29.9%
Beta (1Y)1.612.312.501.711.771.521.74
Beta (3Y)0.892.071.481.421.331.091.38
Beta (5Y)0.952.091.391.381.251.061.32
Sharpe Ratio (1Y)0.880.550.600.441.051.520.74
Sharpe Ratio (3Y)0.300.780.820.520.680.410.60
Sharpe Ratio (5Y)-0.000.090.690.130.280.090.11
Max Drawdown (1Y)-29.0%-31.4%-39.3%-19.3%-17.4%-27.2%-28.1%
Max Drawdown (3Y)-33.1%-39.6%-39.3%-29.0%-27.9%-46.0%-36.2%
Max Drawdown (5Y)-57.2%-76.1%-39.3%-55.5%-43.7%-65.9%-56.3%

Returns

ICLNARKKURABOTZROBOLITMedian
NameiShares Gl.ARK Innova.Global X U.Global X F.ROBO Globa.Global X L. 
1M Return-1.9%13.9%6.6%-2.7%-3.0%2.4%0.3%
3M Return-16.7%15.7%1.7%-5.3%-3.4%-5.3%-4.3%
6M Return2.0%19.1%-5.6%-0.4%11.9%7.6%4.8%
YTD Return8.2%12.1%7.8%-0.8%16.2%14.4%10.1%
1Y Return25.0%14.9%19.5%8.6%28.1%58.2%22.2%
2Y Return27.9%92.4%91.4%14.7%46.7%97.5%69.0%
3Y Return14.6%99.4%118.8%35.1%49.3%27.8%42.2%

Short Interest

Short Interest: As Of Date8142026
Short Interest: Shares Quantity3.4 Mil
Short Interest: % Change Since 7312026-14.2%
Average Daily Volume7.9 Mil
Days-to-Cover Short Interest1